Transcription of Basic&Meteorology:& A&Short&Course& - FortuneArchive
1 Basic Meteorology: A Short Course Peter Fortune 2013 ii iii Contents
2 Page 1. Earth s Atmosphere 1 Temperature, Pressure and Density 1 The Standard Atmosphere 1 Chemical Composition 3 Greenhouse Gases and the Ozone Hole 4 2.
3 Radiation and Absorption 7 Energy Radiation and Temperature 7 Planck Curves and the Ultraviolet Catastrophe 8 Energy Emission and Atmospheric Absorption 10 3. Atmospheric Heat Transfer 13 Global Temperature Differences 13 Wind Shear 14 Katabatic Winds: California s Santa Anas 16 4. Water s Phase Transitions 17 Humidity 17 Condensation, Evaporation, and Latent Heat 19 5.
4 Cloud Formation: Air Parcels and Air Buoyancy Cloud Types 23 Air Parcels and Air Buoyancy 25 Cloud Formation 28 Sea and Land Breezes 31 6. Regional Wind Patterns 33 The Pressure Gradient Force 33 The Coriolis Force 34 The Frictional Force 37 The Centripetal Force 37 7.
5 Global Wind Patterns 41 Global Geostrophic Winds 41 Air Masses 44 8. Fronts and Low Pressure Air Masses 47 Cold and Warm Fronts 48 Occluded Fronts 49 Weather Charts 50 iv
6 Contents page 9.
7 Troughs, Ridges, and Vorticity 53 Troughs and Ridges 53 Warm Advection and Vortical Advection 55 Trough Formation 56 10. Vertical and Horizontal Wind Shear 59 Vertical Wind Shear 59 Zonal Winds: Altitude, Pressure, and Temperature 62 Horizontal Wind Shear: Jet Streaks and Jet Streams 63 11.
8 Terrain and Weather 67 Isentropes and Meteorological Instability 67 Downstream Consequences of Instability 69 12. Thunderstorms, Squall Lines and Radar 73 Radar 73 Thunderstorm Formation 75 Squall Line Formation 78 13. Supercells: Drylines and Tornados 79 Drylines and Supercells 79 Tornados 81 Measuring Tornados 83 14.
9 The Ocean and Weather 85 Ocean Temperature and Pressure 85 Ocean Winds and Currents 88 Pacific Tilt 90 15. Tropical Cyclones: Hurricanes and Typhoons 93 Overview 93 Hurricanes and Ocean Temperatures 94 Hurricane Anatomy 95 Hurricane Motion.
10 Beta Drift 100 v Contents page 16.
