Basic Grammar and Usage, Eighth Edition

1 The Verb To Be (The Most Common Linking Verb)Present Tense: I am we are Past Tense: I was we were you are you are you were you were he/she/it is they are he/she/it was they wereFrequently Used Prepositionsabout before during of upabove behind except on uponacross below for onto withafter beneath from out withinagainst beside in over withoutalong between

2 Inside throughamong by into toaround concerning like towardat down near underHelping Verbs Helping Verbs Sometimescan,could has, have, had (forms of to have)may, might, must does, do, did, done (forms of to do)shall, should am, is are, was, were, been (forms of to be) Coordinating Conjunctionsand so but or yet nor for (when it means because)

3 Conjunctive Adverbsactually fi nally in addition meanwhile similarlyalso for example incidentally moreover stillanyway for instance indeed next subsequentlyas a result for this reason in fact nevertheless then besides furthermore in short nonetheless thereforeconsequently hence instead on the other hand thusconversely however likewise otherwiseAdverb Clause Subordinating Conjunctionsafter though in order that unless whetheralthough because once until whileas before provided that whenas if even if since wheneveras long as even though so that whereas soon as if though whereas Basic Grammar and usage Eighth EditionPenelope ChoyLos Angeles City College, EmeritaDorothy Goldbart ClarkCalifornia State University, NorthridgeAustralia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States 2011, 2006, 2002 Wadsworth, Cengage LearningALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

4 No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the of Congress Control Number: 2009941321 ISBN-13: 978-1-4282-1155-1 ISBN-10: 1-4282-1155-1 Wadsworth20 Channel Center StreetBoston, MA 02210 USAC engage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan.

5 Locate your local offi ce at: Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, your course and learning solutions, visit Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store Grammar and usage , Eighth EditionPenelope Choy, Dorothy Goldbart ClarkDevelopment Editor: Cathylnn Richard Dodson Assistant Editor: Janine Tangney Editorial Assistant: Melanie Opacki Marketing Manager: Kirsten Stoller Marketing Communications Manager: Martha Pfeiff erArt Director: Jill Ort Print Buyer: Denise PowersPermissions Editor: Margaret Chamberlain-Gaston Production Service: Pre-PressPMGC over Designer: Steve SchirraCompositor: Pre-PressPMGFor product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product.

6 Submit all requests online at Further permissions questions can be emailed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 iiiCONTENTSP reface to the Eighth Edition viiPreface to the First Edition xiUNIT 1 Identifying Subjects and Verbs 1 Chapter 1 Sentences with One Subject and One Verb 3 Chapter 2 Multiple Subjects and Verbs 15 Chapter 3 Distinguishing Between Objects ofPrepositions and Subjects 23 Chapter 4 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs 33 Unit 1 Review 41 UNIT 2 Subject Verb Agreement 43 Chapter 5 Recognizing Singular and Plural Subjectsand Verbs 45 Chapter 6 Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects 55 Chapter 7 Subjects Understood in a Special Sense 63 Chapter 8 Subjects Joined by Conjunctions 69 Unit 2 Review 75 UNIT 3 Identifying and Punctuating the Main Types of Sentences 77 Chapter 9 Compound Sentences 79 Chapter 10 Complex Sentences 95 Chapter 11 Avoiding Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices 107 Chapter 12 Correcting Fragments 117 Unit 3 Review 127 UNIT 4 Punctuation That Sets Off or Separates 131 Chapter 13 Parenthetical Expressions 133ivContentsChapter 14 Appositives 147 Chapter 15 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses 159

7 Chapter 16 Commas with Introductory Phrases, Series, Dates, and Addresses 175 Unit 4 Review 187 UNIT 5 Pronoun usage 191 Chapter 17 Subject, Object, and Possessive Pronouns 193 Chapter 18 Pronouns in Comparisons and Pronouns with-self, -selves 203 Chapter 19 Agreement of Pronouns with Their Antecedents 211 Chapter 20 Order of Pronouns and Spelling of Possessives 221 Unit 5 Review 229 ContentsvUNIT 6 Capitalization, Additional Punctuation,Placement of Modifiers, Parallel Structure,and Irregular Verbs 231 Chapter 21 Capitalization 233 Chapter 22 Additional Punctuation 241 Chapter 23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 251 Chapter 24 Parallel Structure 261 Chapter 25 Irregular Verbs 273 Unit 6 Review 287 UNIT 7 Paragraphs 293 Chapter 26 Writing Effective Paragraphs 295 Answers to A Exercises 317 Index 335viContentsPREFACE TO THEEIGHTH EDITIONMore than thirty years have passed since Penelope Choy wrote the first edi-tion of Basic Grammar and usage in 1978.

8 She and Dorothy Clark, who has been a coauthor of this text since the fourth Edition , are gratified that instruc-tors continue to use our in previous revisions, the Eighth Edition includes new exercises for each chap-ter, along with a few of the authors favorite exercises from previous editions. At the suggestion of instructors, Units 3 and 4 now include separate exercises that require students to compose their own sentences, using the structures discussed in each chapter (for example, compound sentences, parenthetical expressions, or restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses). In Unit 6, students are also asked to write sentences using parallel structure and correctly positioned modifiers.

9 The section on apostro-phes has also been rewritten and Eighth Edition retains the chapter on composing paragraphs that first appeared in the seventh Edition . This chapter, written by Dorothy Clark, has been revised and now includes examples of paragraphs written by her students for users of this book to Eighth Edition of Basic Grammar and usage preserves the format of the earlier editions. The text contains six Grammar units, beginning with the unit on subject-verb identification, which forms the foundation for the rest of the book. It continues with five other units devoted to specific areas of Grammar , such as subject-verb agreement or pronoun usage .

10 Each unit is divided into four or five short chapters to make acquisition of the material easier for the students. Each chapter includes clear explanations of Grammar rules and structures and pro-vides copious examples for each point. Short exercises for each new Grammar point occur throughout every chapter. At the end of each chapter are two (and in some units, three) exercises. Exercise A covers only the material presented in that chapter. Exercise B reviews material covered in earlier chapters in that particular unit to ensure that stu-dents remember what they have previously studied and are able to see the rela-tionships among the various chapters.