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Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical EngineeringEighth EditionThe Prentice Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences had its auspicious beginning in 1956 under the direction of Neal R. Amundsen. The series comprises the most widely adopted college textbooks and supplements for Chemical Engineering education. Books in this series are written by the foremost educators and researchers in the field of Chemical for a complete list of available sure to connect with us! Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering SciencesBASIC Principles AND Calculations IN Chemical ENGINEERINGEIGHTH EDITIOND avid M.

AND CALCULATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EIGHTH EDITION David M. Himmelblau ... 10.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation 598 10.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction 603 10.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat 614 10.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion 635. x Contents CHAPTER 11 HUMIDITY (PSYCHROMETRIC) CHARTS AND …

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Transcription of Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

1 Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical EngineeringEighth EditionThe Prentice Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences had its auspicious beginning in 1956 under the direction of Neal R. Amundsen. The series comprises the most widely adopted college textbooks and supplements for Chemical Engineering education. Books in this series are written by the foremost educators and researchers in the field of Chemical for a complete list of available sure to connect with us! Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering SciencesBASIC Principles AND Calculations IN Chemical ENGINEERINGEIGHTH EDITIOND avid M.

2 HimmelblauJames B. RiggsUpper Saddle River, NJ Boston Indianapolis San FranciscoNew York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris MadridCapetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico CityMany of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions.

3 No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please Corporate and Government Sales(800) sales outside the United States, please contact:International us on the Web: of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHimmelblau, David Mautner, 1923-2011 Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering .

4 8th ed. / David M. Himmelblau, James B. Riggs. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-234660-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Chemical Engineering Tables. I. Riggs, James B. II. Title. 2012 660 .2 dc22 2011045710 Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise.

5 To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) : 978-0-13-234660-3 ISBN-10: 0-13-234660-5 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Edwards Brothers Malloy in Ann Arbor, printing, May 2012 Publisher: Paul BogerExecutive Editor: Bernard GoodwinDevelopment Editor: Michelle HousleyManaging Editor: John FullerProject Editor: Elizabeth RyanCopy Editor: Barbara WoodIndexer: Infodex Indexing Services, Inc.

6 Proofreader: Linda Begley Publishing Coordinator: Michelle HousleyMultimedia Developer: Dan ScherfCover Designer: Alan ClementsCompositor: LaserWordsvThis book is dedicated to the memory of David M. Himmelblau (1923 2011) and his contribution to the field of Chemical page intentionally left blank viiCONTENTS PREFACE xiii READ ME xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix ABOUT THE AUTHORS xx PART I INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 WHAT ARE Chemical Engineering AND BIOENGINEERING? Introduction A Brief History of Chemical Engineering Where Do Chemical and Bioengineers Work?

7 Future Contributions of Chemical and Bioengineering Conclusion 10 CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS Systems of Units Conversion of Units Dimensional Consistency Significant Figures Validation of Results The Mole and Molecular Weight 37viii Choosing a Basis Density and Specific Gravity Concentration Temperature Pressure and Hydrostatic Head Flow Rate 78 PART II MATERIAL BALANCES 99 CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL BALANCES Introduction to Material Balances A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems 123 CHAPTER 4 MATERIAL BALANCES WITHOUT REACTION 159 CHAPTER 5 MATERIAL BALANCES INVOLVING REACTIONS Stoichiometry Terminology for Reaction Systems Species Mole Balances Element Material Balances Material Balances for combustion Systems 233 CHAPTER 6 MATERIAL BALANCES FOR MULTI-UNIT SYSTEMS Primary Concepts Sequential Multi-Unit Systems Recycle Systems Bypass and Purge The Industrial Application of Material Balances 314 Contents ix PART III GASES, VAPORS.

8 AND LIQUIDS 347 CHAPTER 7 IDEAL AND REAL GASES Ideal Gases Real Gases: Equations of State Real Gases: Compressibility Charts Real Gas Mixtures 384 CHAPTER 8 MULTIPHASE EQUILIBRIUM Introduction Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule Single Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure) Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems Two Component Gas/Two Component Liquid Systems Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 466 PART IV ENERGY 487 CHAPTER 9 ENERGY BALANCES Terminology Associated with Energy Balances Types of Energy to Be Included in Energy Balances Energy Balances without Reaction 530 CHAPTER 10 ENERGY BALANCES.

9 HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR Chemical REACTION The Standard heat (Enthalpy) of Formation The heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction Integration of heat of Formation and Sensible heat The heat (Enthalpy) of combustion 635x Contents CHAPTER 11 HUMIDITY (PSYCHROMETRIC) CHARTS AND THEIR USE Terminology The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart Applications of the Humidity Chart 666 PART V SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 681 CHAPTER 12 ANALYSIS OF THE DEGREES OF FREEDOM IN STEADY-STATE PROCESSES 683 CHAPTER 13 HEATS OF SOLUTION AND MIXING 708 CHAPTER 14 THE MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCE 728 CHAPTER 15 LIQUIDS AND GASES IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH SOLIDS 756 CHAPTER 16 SOLVING MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES USING PROCESS SIMULATORS (FLOWSHEETING CODES)

10 768 CHAPTER 17 UNSTEADY-STATE MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES 800 APPENDIXES 827 A ANSWERS TO SUPPLEMENTAL QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 829 B ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND NUMBERS 844 C TABLE OF THE PITZER Z0 AND Z1 FACTORS 845 D HEATS OF FORMATION AND combustion 850 E ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 854 Contents xi F PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SUBSTANCES 861 G heat CAPACITY EQUATIONS 873 H VAPOR PRESSURES 877 I HEATS OF SOLUTION AND DILUTION 878 J ENTHALPY-CONCENTRATION DATA 879 K THERMODYNAMIC CHARTS 886 L PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS 893 M SOLUTION OF SETS OF EQUATIONS 902 N FITTING FUNCTIONS TO DATA 924 INDEX 929 This page intentionally left blank xiiiPREFACEThis book is intended to serve as an introduction to the Principles and tech-niques used in the field of Chemical