BEE VENOM (Mona).ppt - …

1 Bee VENOM acupuncturein different neurological illness and its immune modulationACKNOWLEDGMENTSMONA MONA MOSTAFA MOSTAFA FARIDFARID1and its immune modulationIntroduction2 Bee VENOM have been widely used in Orientalmedicine to relieve pain and to treatinflammatory potential bee VENOM -related treatmentsare currently under this review, attention will be focused on themost recent and innovative therapeuticapplicationsofthebeevenominso meapplicationsofthebeevenominsomeneurolo gical VENOM Components & Mode Of Action5 The amount of bee VENOM protein released in astingisvariable,rangingbetween50to140st ingisvariable, , Proteins and peptides are the maincomponentsincludingphospholipases,hy aluronidase, serotonin, histamine, dopamine,noradrenaline, adrenaline, melittin, apamin,adolapin and mast cell degranulating (MCD) 50% of honey bee VENOM is comprised of melettin,which has a profound neuro-hormonal and immunological effect onthe body. It primarily stimulates the hypothalamus in the brain to releasecorticotropin releasing hormone which triggers the pituitary gland tosecrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulate theadrenal cortex to reproduces is:- A potent anti-inflammatory, stimulates gluconeogenesis, activates anti-stress pathways.

2 Melittin also stabilizes lysosomal cell membrane, protecting againstinflammation and slows the production of interleukin-1 which hasbeen correlated to both arthritic pain and is an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin. Dry beevenom consists of 2-3% of apamin. It selectively blocksSmall conductance calcium-activated potassiumchannels ( SK channels) ,a type of Ca2+activated K+channel expressed in the central nervous channels are a type of ion channelallowing potassium cations to cross the cellmembrane and are activated(opened)by anincrease in intracellular activation limits the firing frequency ofaction potentials and is important for regulatingafter-hyperpolarization in the neurons of thecentralnervoussystemaswellasmanyother centralnervoussystemaswellasmanyothertyp es of electrically excitable cells. Thishyperpolarization causes the membranepotential to become more Adolapin has an anti-inflammatory and pain , ,plateletlipoxygenase, thromboxane and prostacycline whichare activated during :controls different brain.

3 Important neurotransmitterregulatingheartrate,supp ressesneuro-regulatingheartrate,suppress esneuro-inflammation, and increases blood flow toskeletal DEGRANULATION PEPTIDE Mast cell degranulation peptide is a potent anti-inflammatory,100timesmoreeffectivet haninflammatory,100timesmoreeffectivetha nhydrocortisone in reducing inflammation, it blocksarachidonic acid production and inhibitsprostaglandin Bee Venom16In some cases, the VENOM administered directlyfrom bees via the bee's lived bee is held by the person, who thenplaces the bee on the part of the patient's bodyto be treated, at which point the bee the VENOM could be given via a syringe,rather than directly from the reactions with Bee VENOM TherapyTherapy20 Generally, treatment is well tolerated. Swelling,tenderness, and redness at the sting sites the most sever risk of bee venomtherapy is anaphylactic only a small percentage of thepopulation is allergic to bee VENOM , it is veryimportant to test for a bee sting allergy beforethe Value of Bee VENOM In Different IllnessIn Different Illness24 TTherehere areare numerousnumerous conditionsconditions thatthat beebeevenomvenom hashas been been proposedproposed toto treat,treat, suchsuch asas.

4 Joint pain, arthritis, Chronic injuries, such as bursitis and tendonitis, Removal of scar tissue, Gout, Shingles& areare differentdifferent therapeutictherapeutic applicationsapplications ofofBeeBeevenomvenomininneurologicalneur ologicalillness,illness,Parkinson s Disease,Parkinson s Disease,Multiple sclerosis,Learning Deficit and Alzheimer s disease 26 Bee VENOM therapy and Parkinson disease 27 Parkinson's disease (PD)isaneurodegenerative disorder of the centralnervous system characterized by theprogressivelossofdopaminergic(DA)neur onsprogressivelossofdopaminergic(DA)neur onsin the subtantia nigra,a region of microglia,innate immune cells in theCNS,are known to be a key mediator of Parkinson's disease include: Rest tremors : Slight shaking of a finger, hand, leg, Rigidity: Stiffness or difficulty walking, Gaitabnormality, Gaitabnormality, Stooped posture& A 'masked' face, frozen in a serious expression30 Many studies reported that Bee venomtherapy has anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative effects, that improve Is BV Supposed to Work in PD?

5 Apamine and other bee VENOM components have aneuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons in theexperimental PD model as: Improves the survival percentage of tyrosine hydroxylase,which is the enzyme responsible for he conversion of theamino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA),32 Also it attenuates the activation of the microglial response,and reduce expression of the inflammation markers. BVmightbehelpfulinreducingglutamatergicc elltoxicity, BVmightbehelpfulinreducingglutamatergicc elltoxicity,which has been reported in many neurodegenerativeincluding PD,33 increasing the efflux of dopamine and overcome thedrawbacks of drugs used in PD treatment & Apaminnotonlyprotectsundamagedneuronsbut also Apaminnotonlyprotectsundamagedneuronsbut alsorestores the function of silent are different studies that support this hypothesis :- In 2011 Kim JI et al,conducted a study on Bee venomand possible reduction of neuro-inflammation in animalmodelofParkinson sDisease,theresultsofwhichmodelofParkins on sDisease,theresultsofwhichsuggested that BV injection may have a neuro-protectiveeffect that attenuates the activation of the microglialresponse,which has implications for the treatment of Two more studies in 2012 &2013conducted by DOO, AR et al & Alvarez-Fischer D et al,suggested that beevenom can induce protection of dopaminergic neuronsinan animal model with results of the studiessuggestthatnotonlyapaminisrespons ibleforthisbutsuggestthatnotonlyapaminis responsibleforthisbuttheir may be other bee VENOM component with the sameprotective In 2014,another study revealed that Bee venomacupuncture might be beneficial in Parkinson s disease byincreasing the efflux of dopamine.

6 It has also beensuggested to enhance the benefits of L-dopa and alleviateits adverse VENOM therapy and MS38 Multiple sclerosis(MS),is a demyelinatingdisorder in which the myelin sheath(insulatingcovers) of nerve cells in the central nervous systemare system to communicate, resulting in a widerange of signs and symptoms including physical,mental, and psychiatric and signs of MS Hemiparesis, paraparesis Spasticity Sensory deficits Lhermitte phenomenon Monocular central scotoma Diplopia Vertigo40 Ataxia Tremor Neurogenic bladder Sexual dysfunction41 Fatigue Depression Cognitive impairmentThere are multiple theories considering the cause oflesions in patients with MS, including immune mediatedtheory. As it has been shown that T helper cells,specifically Th1 and Th17, play a significant role in of the Interleukin 12 has been found totransform CD4+ autoreactive T cells into inflammatoryTh1 and Th17 cells in the , T cells can distinguish between harmful andharmless cells, but in the case of MS patients, thesecellswillattackhealthytissuesofthec entralnervouscellswillattackhealthytissu esofthecentralnervoussystems (CNS).

7 This process triggers inflammation andthe formation of subsequent Is BV Supposed to Work in MS? The theory is that because the stings produceinflammation, the body mounts an inflammation where the myelin is beingattacked by the immune Also the anti-inflammatory constituents of beevenom have been identified. Melittin is the mostabundant of these substances and is known to be100 times more potent than areare differentdifferent studiesstudies thatthat support support thisthishypothesishypothesis includingincluding::-- A Case Report byHuang Effect ofApitherapy on Multiple Sclerosis concludedthat apitherapy plays an importantcurable role in Also in Egypt Suzette et al, 2014 andHegazi et al, 2015;concluded that, althoughApitherapyisnotcurativeinMS,buti tcanbeApitherapyisnotcurativeinMS,butitc anbeused to minimize the clinical symptoms and canbe included among programs of MS therethere areare otherother studiesstudies againstagainst thisthishypothesishypothesis::-- Arandomizedcrossoverstudyofbeesting Arandomizedcrossoverstudyofbeestingthera py for multiple sclerosis concluded that Beesting therapydidn t improve the MS, nor improve thequality of daily Another study testing the same hypothesis washeld in Netherlands in 2004,the effectiveness of thebee VENOM therapy in the MS patients was assessedextensively by both clinical and radiological measures.

8 Although the participants tolerated the treatment well, nobenefits were seen on MRI measures, the frequency andseverity of the attacks, progression of disability, fatigue, orquality of VENOM therapy in learning deficit & Alzheimer s disease Alzheimer s disease 50As was illustrated before Small conductancecalcium-activated potassium channels (SKchannel) stimulation make a state ofhyperpolarization that causes the membranepotential to become more SK channel activity serves to ,thatTheincreaseinSKchannelactivity,that occurs over time, may be related to decreasesin plasticity and memory that is seen Is BV Supposed to affect learning &memory? Experiments using apamin have shown thatit specifically blocks SK channels, so it washypothesized that apamin can increaselearning and long term In addition, SK channels blocking, can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which facilitateslong-term potentiation. BV might be helpful in reducing glutamatergic celltoxicity,whichhasbeenreportedinmanyt oxicity,whichhasbeenreportedinmanyneurod egenerative diseases, including Alzheimer this review, we introduced the therapeuticeffects of some bee VENOM component on someneurological diseases, and discussed itsunderlying studies are needed to clarify the effect ofother different bee VENOM component on otherneurological