BES-123 Learning and Teaching - IGNTU

1 Learning : PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHESUNIT 1 Understanding Learning7 UNIT 2 Approaches to Learning27 UNIT 3 Learning for Construction of Knowledge50 UNIT 4 Learning in Various Contexts70 Block1 Indira GandhiNational Open UniversitySchool of EducationBES-123 Learning and TeachingEXPERT COMMITTEEProf. I. K. Bansal (Chairperson)Former Head, Department of ElementaryEducation, NCERT, New DelhiProf. Shridhar V ashisthaFormer Vice-ChancellorLal Bahadur Shastri SanskritVidhyapeeth, New DelhiProf. Parvin SinclairFormer Director, NCERTS chool of SciencesIGNOU, New DelhiProf. Aejaz MashihFaculty of EducationJamia Millia Islamia, New DelhiProf. Pratyush Kumar MandalDESSH, NCERT, New DelhiProf. Anju Sehgal GuptaSchool of HumanitiesIGNOU, New DelhiProf. N. K. Dash (Director)School of EducationIGNOU, New DelhiProf. M. C. Sharma (ProgrammeCoordinator- )School of EducationIGNOU, New DelhiDr. Gaurav Singh ( )School of EducationIGNOU, New DelhiSPECIAL INVITEES (FACULTY OF SCHOOL OF EDUCATION)Prof.

2 D. VenkateswarluProf. Amitav MishraMs. Poonam BhushanDr. Eisha KannadiDr. M. V. Lakshmi ReddyDr. Bharti DograDr. Vandana SinghDr. Elizabeth KuruvillaDr. Niradhar DeyCOURSE COORDINATOR: DR. GAURAV SINGHC ourse ContributionUnit 1Dr. Kaushal KishoreAssociate Professor, School of EducationCentral University of South Bihar, GayaUnit 2 Adopted from BES 332, IGNOUUnit 3Dr. Gaurav SinghAssistant ProfessorSchool of Education, IGNOU, New DelhiUnit 4Dr. Praveen TiwariAssistant Professor, School of EducationUttarakhand Open University, HaldwaniDr. Gaurav SinghAssistant ProfessorSchool of Education, IGNOU, New DelhiCOURSE TEAMCONTENT EDITINGProf. Girijesh KumarProfessor Emeritus, Former Headand Dean, Faculty of Education, Rohilkhand University,BareillyLANGUAGE EDITINGDr. Sunita SundriyalAssistant Professor, HLYBDC,University of Lucknow FORMAT EDITINGDr. Gaurav Singh, SOE, IGNOU,New DelhiPROOF READINGDr. Gaurav Singh, SOE, IGNOU,New DelhiJune, 2016 Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2016 ISBN-All rights reserved.

3 No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any othermeans, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from theUniversity s Office at Maidan Garhi, New and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by Director,School of Education, IGNOU, New Typeset by Tessa Media & Computers, C-206, , Okhla, New at:Material ProductionProf. DashDirector, SOE, IGNOUMr. (Publication), SOE, IGNOUCOURSE: BES-123 Learning and TeachingBLOCK 1: Learning : PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHESUnit 1: Understanding LearningUnit 2: Approaches to LearningUnit 3: Learning for Construction of KnowledgeUnit 4: Learning in Various ContextsBLOCK 2: UNDERSTANDING THE LEARNERUnit 5: Learner in Socio-cultural ContextUnit 6: Learner as an Individual-IUnit 7: Learner as an Individual-IIBLOCK 3: Teaching - Learning PROCESSUnit 8: Understanding TeachingUnit 9: Planning Teaching -LearningUnit 10: Organizing Teaching -LearningUnit 11: Teaching - Learning ResourcesUnit 12: Managing Classroom Teaching -LearningBLOCK 4: TEACHER AS A PROFESSIONALUnit 13: Teacher in Diverse RoleUnit 14: Teacher as Innovator and Action ResearcherUnit 15: Teacher as a Reflective PractitionerUnit 16.

4 Professional Development of TeachersBES 123 Learning AND TEACHINGC ourse IntroductionThe Course Learning and Teaching has been conceptualized on the basic premisethat Learning and Teaching should be viewed holistically. This course attampts tofacilitate student teachers to understand Learning and Teaching as a process whichworks for construction of and socio-cultural perspectives of Learning have been discussedin this course. Various theoretical constructs of Learning which will help you toidentify the appropriate Learning strategies for facilitating construction ofknowledges have been analyzed critically. This course wil help you in analyzingthe complex nature of Teaching Learning process and understanding variousdimensions of Teaching - Learning process. Course will explain role of a teacheras a professional as well as a facilitator for Learning , as an innovator and anaction course is divided into four 1: Learning : Perspectives and Approaches deals with various aspectsof Learning .

5 Conceptual framework of Learning and discussion on variousapproaches to Learning have been provided in this Block. Block emphasizes onlearning as a process for construction of knowledge. It also facilitates you inorganizing Learning experiences in various contexts through active Learning , situated Learning , collaborative Learning , 2: Understanding the Learner shifts the focus from Learning to the learner and his/her socio-cultural context is equally importantfor a teacher. Units in this Block discuss socio-cultural diversity among differences and characteristics of learners like their personality,intelligence, motivation, attitude, aptitude, interest, etc. have been discussed inthis Block, which are essential consideration for a teacher while planning Teaching - Learning 3: Teaching - Learning Process is focused on various dimensions ofTeaching and Learning . It starts with discussion on nature of Teaching . Teachingas a profession and role of teacher in providing dynamic curricular experienceshave been discussed in this Block.

6 Planning Teaching - Learning , organizingteaching- Learning experience, using appropriate resources for Teaching -learningand managing classroom for facilitating learners to construct of knowledge arethe key focus areas in this 4 is on role of the Teacher as a Professional. This block intends to helpyou understand diverse role of teachers. Multiple responsibilities of teachershave been discussed in this Block. Teacher as an innovator and an action researcherhas been discussed. Role of teacher as reflective practitioner has also beenhighlighted in this Block. Block ends with discussion of need and importance ofprofessional development of teachers and suggests various ways and means forprofessional development of a 1 Learning : PERSPECTIVES ANDAPPROACHESI ntroduction to the BlockFor success in Teaching - Learning process, a teacher needs to know about not onlythe learners growth patterns but understanding Learning is equally about Learning has changed a lot in past few years.

7 The behavioristapproach to Learning has been replaced by constructivist approach. Focus hasshifted from teacher centered to child centered pedagogy. The present Block hasfocused on providing an understanding about various perspectives and contextsof Learning . This Block will help you understand the Learning in different Block has four 1: Understanding Learning talks about the meaning and dimensions oflearning. The Unit explains what comes under Learning and what not? Discussionon Learning concepts like maturation, Teaching and instruction will help youfindout differences among these terms. Factors facilitating Learning will also bediscussed in the unit. Discussion of Learning styles and pace of Learning will helpyou to plan your Teaching Learning keeping in mind the learners Unit 2: Approaches to Learning , we start with some common assumptionsabout Learning in various approaches. Discussion will deal the behaviorist,congnitivist and constructivist approaches to Learning in details.

8 You will beable to analyze the merits and demerits of each approach and choose the mostappropriate approach for your 3: Learning for Construction of Knowledge will help you to explorevarious dimensions of constructivism. Ideas of Piaget, Bruner, Vygotsky, Novekand others on constructivism will be discussed keeping in view their utility inteaching- Learning process. Role of Zone of Proximal Development, Scaffolding,Cognitive Apprenticeship, tutoring, etc. will be discussed in detail to provideyou deeper understanding on 4: Learning in Various Contexts will help you to explore various learningstrategies which you can choose as per the nature and context of Learning . Methodslike active Learning , situated Learning , collaborative Learning will help you todesign your Teaching - Learning activities in more effective way. Discussion onlearning out of school will add a meaningful dimension to your Teaching : Perspectives andApproaches7 Understanding LearningUNIT 1 UNDERSTANDING Learning *Unit is Learning ?

9 Of and Related and and and of as a Psychological Construct and Social of of by by by Trial and by of and nature of Transfer of of Transfer of Us Sum and Suggested to Check Your is Learning and what is not? This unit starts with finding the answers ofthese questions while discussing the concept of Learning . As a teacher you willcome across questions like, how does Learning take place? what are the guidingprinciples of Learning ? etc. Along with it, Learning needs to be differentiatedfrom various related concepts like, maturing, Teaching , imprinting, etc. The presentunit discusses the various dimension of Learning which help a teacher to achievea major goal of education to enhance Learning . Discussion on various modesof Learning will help you in planning Learning experiences. In order to facilitatelearning, an understanding of the concepts like transfer of Learning , variouslearning styles and pace of Learning are also very important to understand for ateacher.

10 This unit will discuss all these in brief.* Few sections in this unit have been adopted from Unit 9 of ES-332, IGNOU8 Learning : Perspectives going through this unit, you will be able to: describe the nature of Learning , differentiate among Learning , maturation, Teaching and imprinting, identify various activities reflecting Learning , explain the role of understanding the dimensions of Learning for a teacher toimprove Teaching Learning , identify various Learning styles among learners, discuss the use of transfer of Learning in the new situation, and keep in mind the pace of Learning while designing IS Learning ?What is Learning ? Answer to this question has been attempted by manypsychologists and educationists. Learning is not something that takes place withinthe boundaries of a classroom; rather it takes place anywhere, anytime and fromanyone. Traditional Indian Literature has examples where people learnt fromtrees, mountains, rivers, insects, etc.