BioFuel Technology Handbook - co2star.eu

1 BioFuel Technology Handbook 2007 Dominik Rutz Rainer Janssen This Handbook is published by: WIP Renewable Energies Sylvensteinstr. 2 81369 M nchen Germany Copyright: WIP Renewable Energies Autors: Dominik Rutz Dr. Rainer Janssen Version: 1. Version, February 2007 Project: BioFuel Marketplace With the support of: Contract No. EIE/05/022 Content BioFuel Technology Handbook 5 Content 1. Introduction .. 9 PART A: COMMON ASPECTS OF 11 2. Potential of Biomass .. 12 3. BioFuel Policies .. 16 BioFuel Policy in the EU .. 16 BioFuel Standardization .. 18 International Trade of 19 Trade of Biodiesel and Related Products .. 20 Trade of Bioethanol .. 20 4. BioFuel Life Cycle .. 23 Energy Balance and Efficiency of 25 BioFuel Emissions .. 27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ..27 Vehicle Emission 29 Other Environmental Impacts of 34 Economy of 35 Consideration of Co-Products.

2 36 PART B: TYPES OF 37 5. 40 Feedstock Production .. 40 Sugar 42 Starch 45 Cellulosic Feedstock .. 47 Bioethanol 50 Sugar-to-Ethanol Process .. 52 Starch-to-Ethanol Process .. 52 Cellulose-to-Ethanol Process .. 53 Distillation and Dehydration 54 Properties of Bioethanol .. 55 Content 6 BioFuel Technology Handbook Technology Applications for Bioethanol .. 56 Spark Ignition Engines ..56 Compression Ignition Fuel Standardization of 59 Energy Balance of Bioethanol .. 63 Bioethanol Emissions .. 64 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ..64 Toxic Exhaust Other Environmental Impacts of 67 Water Land Use and Biodiversity ..68 Human Economy of Bioethanol .. 70 6. Lipid Derived biofuels .. 72 Feedstock Production .. 72 Oilseed Crops ..73 Animal Fats ..81 Waste Oils ..82 Fuel Oil Extraction ..83 Oil Refining ..85 Transesterification.

3 86 Properties and Use of Lipid biofuels .. 89 Properties of Pure Plant Oil (PPO) ..89 Properties of Technology Applications for Lipid biofuels .. 91 Compression Ignition Engines for Biodiesel Use ..91 Compression Ignition Engines for PPO Standardization of Lipid 92 Standardization of PPO ..92 Standardization of Energy Balance of Lipid biofuels .. 95 Emissions of Lipid biofuels .. 96 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ..96 Toxic Exhaust Other Environmental Impacts of Lipid biofuels .. 99 Water Land Use and Biodiversity ..101 Human 101 Economy of Lipid biofuels .. 102 Content BioFuel Technology Handbook 7 7. BtL Fuels .. 104 Feedstock Production .. 104 BtL 105 Gasification .. 106 Gas 107 Synthesis Process .. 107 Properties and Emissions of BtL 108 8. 109 Feedstock Production .. 109 Biomethane Production .. 111 Digestion 111 Digester Types.

4 111 Biogas 113 Properties and Use of 114 Technology Applications for 114 Infrastructure Requirements for Biomethane .. 114 Vehicle Technologies for 115 Standardization of Biomethane .. 115 Biomethane Emissions .. 116 Greenhouse Gas Emissions .. 116 Toxic Exhaust Emissions ..117 Other Environmental Effects of Biomethane .. 118 Economy of Biomethane .. 119 9. Biohydrogen .. 120 Biohydrogen Processing .. 120 Use of Biohydrogen .. 122 PART C: THE FUTURE OF 123 10. 1st vs. 2nd Generation biofuels .. 124 11. Integrated Refining Concepts .. 127 12. Strategies for New Vehicle Technologies .. 129 13. Market Barriers of biofuels .. 130 Content 8 BioFuel Technology Handbook Glossary and Abbreviations .. 132 List of Figures .. 143 References of Pictures .. 144 List of 145 References .. 146 1. Introduction BioFuel Technology Handbook 9 1. Introduction This Handbook was developed under the BioFuel Marketplace project, supported by the Intelligent Energy Europe Program of the European Commission.

5 The overall goal of BioFuel Marketplace is to establish BioFuel products and technologies as ordinary trading commodities and thus to open the door to actual large-scale commercial exploitation in Europe. This will be achieved by creating a web-based BioFuel Marketplace in order to provide a BioFuel supply and demand information system for Europe s BioFuel stakeholders. The present Handbook was created in order to promote this web-based Marketplace and to promote the use of biofuels in general. The scope of this Handbook is to inform politicians, decision makers, BioFuel producers and traders and all other relevant stakeholders about the state-of-the-art of biofuels and related technologies. Thereby, the large variety of feedstock sources, conversion technologies and applications of biofuels are demonstrated. Descriptions and explanations of the most promising biofuels which are used today and which will be used in the future facilitate a common basis in order to discuss about the manifold issues of biofuels .

6 The impartial information given in this Handbook will further contribute to diminish existing barriers for the broad use of biofuels . The most promising biofuels which are described in this Handbook are bioethanol, biodiesel, pure plant oil1, and biomethane, but also future biofuels such as renewable hydrogen and BtL-fuels which are also called second generation biofuels . In this Handbook , the whole life cycles of these biofuels are assessed under technical, economical, ecological, and social aspects. biofuels properties and applications for transport purposes are demonstrated and evaluated. Thereby the energy balance is an important measure to evaluate biofuels . In this Handbook , the most recent studies on BioFuel energy balances are discussed. One of the main advantages of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels in the transport sector is the ability of biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

7 The combustion of biofuels itself can be regarded as CO2 neutral. Nevertheless, the whole life cycle of BioFuel production has to be assessed to give statements about the overall greenhouse gas balance. In this Handbook , the results of several studies which investigated energy and greenhouse gas balances of biofuels are summarized and discussed. 1 Although the name pure plant oil (PPO) refers to a vegetable origin, also oils from other resources, waste oil and animal fat, are defined by this term. Nevertheless, it is evident to keep in mind that all types of oil have to fulfil certain requirements to be used in transport engines. In other publications PPO is also defined as straight vegetable oil (SVO). 1. Introduction 10 BioFuel Technology Handbook This Handbook also includes environmental aspects beyond its GHG reduction potential, such as impacts on water and on human health.

8 Moreover, economical aspects are of crucial importance for establishing and sustaining BioFuel markets. Thus, economical aspects of all types of biofuels are addressed. Finally, the Handbook discusses future developments in the BioFuel sector. Social, economical and ecological influences and market barriers for the promotion of biofuels are evaluated. New concepts, such as integrated refining concepts and strategies for new vehicle technologies are illustrated. Part A BioFuel Technology Handbook 11 PART A: COMMON ASPECTS OF biofuels Today, applications in the transport sector are based on the use of liquid fuels which are easy to store. In comparison with liquid fuels, the use of gaseous fuels for transport purposes is minor. Although solid fuels were used in the past for railway trains, they are not applied for transport uses since a long time.

9 However, apart from the phase of matter generally two basically different types of fuels exist: fuels made from fossil resources and biofuels made from renewable resources. Although biofuels derived from renewable resources are manifold, they all have common features. Therefore, the common aspects of biofuels are addressed in Part A of this Handbook . This part includes three chapters: potential of biomass, BioFuel policies and BioFuel life cycles. In general, the use of biofuels will largely depend on the potential of available and continuously re-growing biomass, the feedstock sources. This issue will be discussed in chapter 2, since the sustainable use of biomass is a precondition of generating sustainable biofuels . The potential of biomass in the European Union largely depends on climate, land availability and the productivity of dedicated energy crops.

10 Another aspect which commonly influences all biofuels is the BioFuel policy. Suitable policies on regional, national and on the EU level are one of the main determinants that can largely contribute to the success of BioFuel market penetration. In the EU several targets have been set to promote biofuels . A summary of these policies which are formulated in official papers of the European Commission is given in chapter 3. Finally, the main common characteristics of biofuels are expressed by a similar life cycle. The largest portion of biofuels is received from vegetable feedstock sources. They all have to be cultivated, transported and processed into the final BioFuel . Wastes and animal residues can also be used as feedstock source. To evaluate energy balances, greenhouse gas balances and impacts on environment, health, economy and sustainability, BioFuel life cycle analyses are needed for all types of biofuels separately.