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Biology Final Exam Study Guide (FULL)

Biology Final Exam Study Guide (FULL)Chapter One*Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life, and also for the match of organisms to their environments.*Hierarchy of life: Biosphere>Ecosystem>Community>Population >Organism>Organ System>Organ>Tissue>Cell>Organelle>Molec ule>Atom*Energy flows through an ecosystem. Energy flows from sunlight to producers to consumers.*Cells are an organism s basic unit of structure and function. Eukaryotic Cell Type of cell w/membrane-enclosed Cell Type of cell lacking membrane-enclosed organelles.*The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the forms of (Deoxyribosenucleic Acid) Double-stranded, helical nucleic acidmolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (A,C,G,T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell s Disc

*Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use oxygen. Chapter Ten *Photosynthesis – The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds Autotroph – Self-feeders Heterotroph – Depend on others for food (Organic molecules) *Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of …

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Transcription of Biology Final Exam Study Guide (FULL)

1 Biology Final Exam Study Guide (FULL)Chapter One*Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life, and also for the match of organisms to their environments.*Hierarchy of life: Biosphere>Ecosystem>Community>Population >Organism>Organ System>Organ>Tissue>Cell>Organelle>Molec ule>Atom*Energy flows through an ecosystem. Energy flows from sunlight to producers to consumers.*Cells are an organism s basic unit of structure and function. Eukaryotic Cell Type of cell w/membrane-enclosed Cell Type of cell lacking membrane-enclosed organelles.*The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the forms of (Deoxyribosenucleic Acid) Double-stranded, helical nucleic acidmolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases (A,C,G,T).

2 Capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell s Discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA*Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systemsPositive Feedback End product stimulates the production of more productNegative Feedback Accumulation of an end product slows the process thatmakes the product.*Science can not answer the possibility of supernatural phenomena, hypothesis must betestable and the experiment must be Two*Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called Substance hat can not be broken down to other Substance composed of two or more elements.

3 Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass.*An Element s properties depend on the structure of its atomsAtom Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an (+), Neutrons(no charge) and Electrons(-) are subatomic particles. Isotope A different atomic form of an element(# of neutrons change).Energy The capacity to cause Shell An energy level of electrons at characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom.*The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atomsChemical Bonds Attraction between two atoms results from sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on atoms.

4 *The strongest chemical bonds are covalent and ionic. Covalent bonds STRONG chemical bonds in which 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of valence electrons.*Valence equals the # of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom soutermost Attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bondPolar Covalent Bond Electrons NOT shared equallyNonpolar covalent bond Electrons shared equallyIon Charged Atom, (+) = Cation, (-) = AnionIonic Bond chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositelycharged Compounds Compound resulting from formation of ionic bonds (Salts)Hydrogen Bonds WEAK chemical bond formed when slightly (+)

5 Hydrogenatom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attached to the slightly(-) atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule (Water has hydrogen bonds)* chemical Reactions make and break chemical bonds*96% of all living matter is made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and Three*The polarity of water molecules result in hydrogen Molecule Two ends of a molecule have opposite charges (polar loveswater)*Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth s fitness for life1) COHESION: Hydrogen bonding keeps water molecules close to each other, hydrogen bonding is also responsible for surface tension.

6 2) MODERATION of TEMP: Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break. Heat is also reabsorbed when hydrogen bonds form. 3) WATER IS INSULATED BY FLOATING ICE. 4) WATER IS THE SOLVENT OF LIFE. Hydrophilic Water lovingHydrophobic Water fearingAqueous Solution Solution where water is the solvent. *Acidic and basic conditions affect living Substance that increases the hydrogen concentration of a Reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solutionpH Scale Ranges from 0-14 (0=basic,7 =neutral,14=acidic) pH = logH+Buffer Substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+(acidic)and OH-(basic)*Accepts H+ ions when solution is too acidic*Donates H+ ions when solution is too basicChapter Four*Carbon is the backbone of life.

7 *What carbon can build is unlimited.*Organic Chem is the Study of carbon compounds.*Carbon Atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms. Isomers Compounds that have the same # of atoms of the same elements butdifferent structure and different Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.*A Small # of chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological Groups A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chem reactions.*ex:(hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl,amino,sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl) *ATP: An important source of energy for cellular processesAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP) An adenine-containing nucleosidetriphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed: This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in FiveMacromolecules A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usuallyby a condensation reaction.

8 Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acid are macromolecules.*Macromolecules are polymers that are built from long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blockslinked by covalent The repeating units that serve as the building Reaction 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other thru the loss of water. (Aka dehydration reaction)Hydrolysis When polymers are disassembled to monomers. Reverse of Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells.*Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material. Carbohydrates Both sugars and polymers of Simplest 2 or more monosaccharides Few 100 to few 1000 s of monosaccharides.

9 (Starches)Cellulose Major component of the tough cell walls that enclose plant cells.*Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules. *Fats/Phospholipids/Steroids *Phospholipids make up cell membrane. *Steroids contain hormones. (Cholesterol)*Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions. (repair, catalyze, provide structural )*Monomers are amino acids. Polymers are polypeptides. *4 levels of structure (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary *Denaturation Protein wears down/becomes inactive.*Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information. *2 types: DNA and RNADNA: (deoxyribose) (C, G, A, T) (Double-Stranded) Stores all hereditary : (Ribose) (C, G, A, U) (Single-Stranded)*Nucleic Acids carry protein coding instructions from DNA to protein synthesizing Six*Eukaryotic Cells have internal membranes that sort out their functions.)

10 *Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell have plasma membrane. *Plants and animal cell have most of the same organelles.*Eukaryotic cell s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by ribosomes.*Nucleus contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell. *Nucleur envelope encloses the Units of DNA that carries the genetic info.*Ribosomes serve as protein factories of the cell.*The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.*(Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, Vacuoles-plants only) *Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to anotherMitochondria Site for cellular respiration.


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