BLASTING VIBRATIONS AND .THEIR EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES

1 Bulletin 656. BLASTING VIBRATIONS . AND . their EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES . By Harry R. Nicholls, Charles F. Johnson, and Wilbur I. Duvall US Department of Interior Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Kenneth K. Eltschlager Mining/Explosives Engineer 3 Parkway Center Pittsburgh, PA 15220. Phone Fax UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. BUREAU OF MINES. CONTENTS. Page Page List of Symboll - - - 'ri law - - - - - - - 52. Abstract - I of charge weight for Chapter introduction I instantaneous blasts 54. _ I of delay interval and meeting - - - - - - - - - 2 number of holea - - - - - - - - U-History - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 of milliaecond . U-General approach to the problem -- -- 5 delayed blaata with instantaneous - -- -- ---~--- ---- 4 blasts ~--- - - --------- 40. Chapter - - ---- 5 as a scaling factor ------ -- it --- - -- - - - -- 5 4.!.1-Experimental procedure - - - - - it ;-~e dynamic response of a 4.

2 !.2-Data analysis -- - -- -- - - 41. selSIIllc transducer - --- - - -- 5 of method of initiation - - - -- 50. transducer - - - - 6 procedure -- - - 52. transducer - -- -- 6 analysis - - - - -----. 55. transducer ---- 7 of geolog-_', including direction of typical -- - 7 of propagation an~ overburden - ----- stability ----- -- - - 8 and direction - --- - - . calibration - --- - 10 of rock type on vibration used by the Ieveii --- -- -- - ---- 55. Bureau of Minea - - - -- - - --- 10 !-0verburden - - - --- -- 59. - - - - - - -- 12 of Fourier analysis Chapter vibration Ieveii for residential techniques to vibration data - - - --- 59. STRUCTURES --- -- ------ - - -- - - - 15 and acceleration - - - - - - - - - -- 15 from particle velocities - - - - - 60. study of published data on of instantaneous ground VIBRATIONS and damage - - - - -- 15 and delay-type BLASTING through 5~.1-Investigationa by the Fourier techniques - - - - - - - 60.

3 Bureau of Mines - -- - - 15 -- -- - --- - - 65. by Langefon, Chapter and propagation of air Kihlstrom, and Westerberg - - 14 VIBRATIONS from BLASTING - ---- - - --- 64. by Edwards and - -- - ---- - - 64. Northwood - - - - - - - 14 published data - - - - - - - 64. of damage data - 18 5.!-Bureau of Mines data -- - -- - -- 67. from other inveatigaton - - 19 - - -- - - - --- - -- 68. Bureau of Mines data - - - 20 Chapter safe air and ground 55-Building VIBRATIONS from normal vibration Ieveii for BLASTING - - - - - - - - 69. activities - - - - - ---- 21 - - ---- - - ----- 69. of particle motion vibration limits with calculations - - - ---- - 21 instrumentation - --- - - ---- 69. safe ground vibration vibration limits without Ieveii - - - - - - - - - -- 22 instrumentation - - - - - - - - - -- 70. data on air VIBRATIONS and of scaled distance as a BLASTING damage - - -- - --- ---- ----- 25 control - - - - - - -- -- -- 70. safe air blast pressure air blaat limits - --- - 72.

4 Levels - --- - - - - - - --- 27 Chapter and concluaiona - -- - 75. response and ita effect on - -- ---- - --- -- - 'IS. safe vibration Ieveii - - - - - - - - 27 - - - - 75. -- - - - ---- 29 Adnowledgmenta - - - --- --- - - 75. Chapter . and propagation of ground Explanation of Appendices - - - --- 76. VIBRATIONS from blastiDJ - -- - - - - -- !10 Appendix views of test sites - - - - - 76. - - - - - -- 51 Appendix and loading data -- -- 86. blasts venus Appendix velocity and frequency instantaneous blasts .. 52 data - - - - - 92. procedure - - -- 52 Appendix description ------ 104. ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. Mau-spring-dashpot model of a seismic transd~cer - - - - - - -- ---~------ Theoretical response curves for a typical displacement or velocity transducer - - - - - - 2.!. Theoretical response curves for a typical acceleration transducer - - - - - - - .. Fis. Page Horizontal location of centrr of gravity of a lamina .. - -- - - -- -- 9.

5 Vertical location of center of gravity of a aeismograph ..- - - - 9. Frequency responae curve of linear amplifier- ------ ---- - II. Frequency responae curve of velocity gage ..- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - II. Displacement versus frequency for obaerved damagle, Bureau of Minaa ..- - - 15. Displacement versus frequency for ohaerved damage, and others -- - - -- --- - -- 16. S.!J. Displacement versus frequency for obaerved damage, Edwards and Northwood - - - - - - - - 17. Displacement versus frequency, combined data with ecommended safe BLASTING criterion ------ -- -- 18. U. Comparison of displacements from integration and simple harmonic motion calculations - --- - - 2S. Comparison of particle velocities as recorded and from displacements - - --- --- --- - - 2-i Particle velocity versus frequency with recommended safe BLASTING aiterion --- - 25. Particle velocity versus frequency for no damage _ _. 26. Subjective responae of the human body to vibratory JI >tion (after Goldman) -- - ------ - - 27.

6 Complaint history, Salmon Nuclear Event, with superposed subjective response--- - 28. vibration records for 1-hole blast .. --- - ------ - - -- S2. vibration records for 7-hole instantaneous blast ..- - - - - - - - - - SS. 4.!1. vibration records for 7-hole, blast .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - S-i vibration records for 7-hole, !4-millisecond-delayed blast .. ----- --- - ---- !15. Particle velocity versus distance .for 1 and blasts ..- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S6. Particle velocity versus distance for 7 and 15-hole blasts .. !17. Particle velocity versus distance for a l hole and 2 m ultiple-row blasts .. S8. Comparison of effect of charge weight on level of vibration from instantaneous and millisecood-delayed blasts .. S9. Peak particle velocity versus distance, radial component .. 4S. Peak particle velocity versus distance, vertical component .. -- ------- - - 4-i Peak particle velocity versus distance, transverse component.

7 - - - - - - - - 45. Particle velocity intercepts versu~ charge weight per delay, radial component-- - -- - - ----- - - - 46. Particle velocity intercepts versu5 charge weight per delay, vertical component ..- - - - - - - 48. Particle velocity intercepts versus charge weight per delay, transverse component .. 48. Peak particle velocity versus scaled distance, radial component .. ---------- ------ - - 50. Peak particle velocity versus scaled distance, vertical component .. 51. Peak particle velocity versus scaled distance, transverse component ..- .. 52. Three methods of initiating blasts .._ ..-- - --- 55. effect of direction, Jack Quarry, peak particle velocity versus scaled distance .. 55. effect of direction, Culpeper Quarry, peak particle velocity versus scaled 56. effect of direction, Centreville Quarry, peak particle velocity versus scaled distance .. 56. Combined data, limestone and dolomite quarries, peak particle velocity versus scaled distance.

8 57. Combined data, diabaae quarries, peak particle velocity versus scaled distance .. 57. Combined data, granite-type Quarries, peak particle velocity versus scaled distance .. 58. Sandstone quarry data, peak particle velocity versus scaled distance .. ,.. 58. E1fect of overburden, peak particle velocity versus scaled distance .. 59. Comparison of particle velocity and displacement in the time and frequency domains .. 60. Spectral amplitudes, radial and vertical components, from a ll hole, 9-millisecond-delayed blast .. 61. Spectral amplitudes, radial and vertical components, from a 7-hole, 9-millisecond-delayed blast -- -- -- 62. 4.!10. Particle motion trajectories, SOO feet from an instantaneous blast .. 6S. Radial-Vertical particle motion trajectories, 300 feet from 3-hole and 7-hole, 9-millisecond-delayed blalts .. 6S. Combined data plot, overpressure versus scaled distance .. -- --- 66. Comparison of particle velocity data from different shots within a quarry.

9 70. Combined velocity data from all quarries in Bureau of Mines studies ..--- - - 71. Nomogram for estimating safe charge and distance limits for scaled distances of 20 and 50 ft/lb~ -- - 72. A 1. Weaver Quarry .. - - -- -- - --- - ------------ -- - - - ------ - -- 77. A 2. Webster City Quarry ..- ..- - - - 77. A S. P &: M Quarry .. 77. A 4. Ferguson Quarry ..:.. 78. A 5. Shawnee Quarry ..- ..- .. --- -- - ---- 78. A 6. Hamilton Quarry ..- ..- .. 78. A 7. Flat Rock Quarry .. 78. A 8. Bellevue Quarry .. 79. A 9. Bloomville Quarry ..- ..- 79. A lO. Washington, Site .. ---- - - - - -- --- ------ -- -- ------ ------ -- 79. A-ll. Poughkeepsie Quarry .. _ ..- ..- - - - - 79. A l2. West Nyack Quarry ..---- - --- --- ---- ---- ---- 80. A lll. Littleville Dam Site .. 80. A-14. Centreville Quarry ..- ..- - - -- 80. A-15. Manassas Quarry .. 80. A-16. Strasburg Quarry .. ~ .. 81. A-17. Chantilly Quarry .. 82. A-18. Culpeper Quarry.

10 --- ---- .. _ .. 82. iY. Fig. Page A-19. Doswell Quarry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82. A-~. Riv~onQuanJ----------------~------------ ------------------ IU. A-21. Jaclc. Quarry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - IU. A-22. Buchanan Quarry .. IK. A Hi-Cone Quarry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - IK. A 24. Union Furnace Q u a r r y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85. A-25. Quarry - 85. TABLES. Table Average magnification of displacement leitmograplu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Paro VIBRATIONS &om noxmal activities - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21. Factorial design and shooting order-------- 31. 43. Summary of quarry- BLASTING Average nand tesu -_____. ltandard deviatiolll. ---- . _ _ _ _ _ __. S5. S9. Particle velocity intercepu at 100 feet 40. Average particle velocity intercepts for single bole and milli!