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Brief Guide to Pompeii

Brief Guide to Pompeii Brief Guide to PompeiiRules for visiting the excavationsWelcome to the Vesuvianarchaeological the archaeological areas the law D. lgs 81/08 is applied according to the historical and archaeological important heritage protection rules and restrictions, especially in the archaeological Vesuvian especially ask you to followthe rules* below for a moreenjoyable and safer extremely careful whenmoving about. Do not stand onthe edge of the digs or climb respect all entrance andaccess show respectfulbehavior, refraining from makingunnecessary noise, writing on thewalls, and littering. Please place allgarbage in the and movie filmingare authorized solely for privateuse; you must contact theSoprintendenza before filmingwith tripods, flash and artificiallighting, or for any commercial do not work for theSoprintendenza.

3 Built at the western edge of the hill of Pompeii, stretching towards the sea and the River Sarno, this temple was raised during the early part of the Sullan colony (80 BC) to honor the goddess Venus, protectress of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, assimilated into the Physical Venus, protectress of the city.

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Transcription of Brief Guide to Pompeii

1 Brief Guide to Pompeii Brief Guide to PompeiiRules for visiting the excavationsWelcome to the Vesuvianarchaeological the archaeological areas the law D. lgs 81/08 is applied according to the historical and archaeological important heritage protection rules and restrictions, especially in the archaeological Vesuvian especially ask you to followthe rules* below for a moreenjoyable and safer extremely careful whenmoving about. Do not stand onthe edge of the digs or climb respect all entrance andaccess show respectfulbehavior, refraining from makingunnecessary noise, writing on thewalls, and littering. Please place allgarbage in the and movie filmingare authorized solely for privateuse; you must contact theSoprintendenza before filmingwith tripods, flash and artificiallighting, or for any commercial do not work for theSoprintendenza.

2 They are officialand authorized by the RegioneCampania. They have to showtheir licence under is forbidden the access is not are not visitors with motordifficulties and heart problems aresuggest to enter at with motor difficulties andheart problems should beespecially suggest that you wear low-heeled shoes on your are informed that anaudio tour service, authorized bythe Soprintendenza, is picnic area is provided nearbyPorta Nola.*from the Regulations for visitors to the Excavations (n. 213 dated )with purses, backpacks and any type of lugagge. Rome began to look towardssouthern Italy; systems ofalliances and victoriousmilitary campaigns made ithegemonic throughoutCampania (343-290 BC). Pompeii thus entered theRoman political organization,or res publica, as a socia(ally),but in 90-89 BC it rebelledalong with other Italicpopulations, who demandedequal social and politicalrespect from Rome.

3 Placedunder siege by the troops ledby P. Cornelius Sulla, the citysurrendered and became aRoman colony with the nameof Cornelia VeneriaPompeianorum(80 BC). After being "downgraded" tocolony, Pompeii was enhancedwith private and publicbuildings, and furtherembellished especially duringthe reigns of the emperorsOctavian Augustus (27 BC-14AD) and Tiberius (14-37 AD).A violent earthquake struckthe whole Vesuvian area in 62AD. Reconstruction beganimmediately in Pompeii , butthe extent of the damage wasso great not to mention theaftershocks that followed repairs took a very long time:17 years later, when VesuviusPompeii rises on a plateau(approximately 30 m ) ofVesuvian lava, overlooking theSarno river valley, at whosemouth was once a busy origins of the city areuncertain: the oldest reportsdate from the end of the 7thand the first half of the 6thcent.

4 BC, when the first ringof tufa walls, called pappamonte , was builtaround an area of ha. A 'mixed' civilization whichblended native, Etruscan, andGreek elements led to thecity's development. Towardsthe end of the 5th cent. BC.,the Samnite tribes camedown from the mountains ofIrpinia and Samnio, and spreadacross the plains of what isnow known as Campania(meaning 'fertile plain'),conquering and including theVesuvian and coastal cities in aleague, with Nuceriaas itscapital. During the Samniteera, Pompeii received a strongpush towards urbanization:also in the 5th cent. BC, anew fort was built of Sarnolimestone, which was tofollow in the footsteps of thefirst. Towards the end of the4th cent. BC, after a newwave of Samnite immigration, Brief history of the ancient city and the excavationssuddenly erupted on the 24thAugust of 79 AD to bury itunder ash and rock, Pompeiiwas still an ongoingconstruction site.

5 It wasrediscovered in the 16thcentury, but exploration didnot begin until 1748 underthe King of Naples Charles IIIof Bourbon, and continuedsystematically into thenineteenth century, until themost recent works ofexcavation, restoration andenhancement of the ancientcity and its extraordinarywealth of architecture,sculptures, paintings, andmosaics. The archeologicalarea of Pompeii extends forapproximately 66 ha, of whichapproximately 45 have beenexcavated. The city wasdivided into regiones(neighbourhoods) and insulae(blocks) by G. Fiorelli in 1858,to simplify study andorientation. When the ownerwas not well known, theexcavators invented thebuilding names based onparticular finds or history of the ancient city and the excavations1 This privately owned facility (1st cent.)

6 BC - 1stcent. AD) is built on an artificial terrace facingthe sea, just outside the walls: eminent due toits scenic position, it was repeatedly pillagedover the centuries. On the ground floor arethe sumptuously decorated bathing rooms,including the warm indoor pool, and the smallcold pool with painted walls ending in a niche:a waterfall bubbled up from an imitation cave,decorated with a mosaic depicting Mars andcherubs. The frigidarium(cold room) has adecoration of stucco squares. There is acurious fourth style * fresco in the dressingroom: 16 panels show erotic scenes, includingone with two women unique in Romanpainting. Suburban bathss2 Similar to a bastion, facing west, together withPorta Ercolano it is the most imposing of theseven gates of Pompeii .

7 It takes its name fromthe fact that its road led to the sea. It has twobarrel arches (round arch opening), latercombined into a single, large barrel vault inopus caementicium*. The ring of walls visibletoday, already present in the 6th cent. BC, isover three, 3,200 m long: it is generally a solidring of wall, protected on the outside by amoat and inside by an embankment, atopwhich runs the patrol walkway. Twelve towersto the north, where the flat ground madePompeii more vulnerable, also ensured itsdefense. Pompeii 's definitive entry into theRoman orbit (with the Sullan colonization: 80BC) reduced the importance of the walls,which were occasionally reused or destroyedto make room for houses and Marina and the city walls3 Built at the western edge of the hill ofPompeii, stretching towards the sea and theRiver Sarno, this temple was raised during theearly part of the Sullan colony (80 BC) tohonor the goddess Venus, protectress of LuciusCornelius Sulla, assimilated into the PhysicalVenus, protectress of the city.

8 It therefore fallswithin the 'regimental' architectural programinaugurated by the Roman conquest. Facing north-south towards the seaside, on atufa podium surrounded by porticos andembellished with marble, it was probably themost sumptuous and visually captivating of thecity's religious buildings, but its prominentposition made it the target of repeatedpillaging, thus it is difficult to interpret of Venus 4 temple of Apollo Along with the Doric temple , this is the mostancient sanctuary in Pompeii as evidenced bythe surviving architectural decoration datingfrom 575-550 BC, although the current layoutis from the 2nd cent. BC. (subsequentlyredefined until the earthquake in 62 AD),when the tufa quadriporticus was built with itsIonic columns and Doric trabeation withmetope* and triglyphs*.

9 The building combinesItalic (high podium with front entry stairs) andGreek elements (colonnade around the cell).The floor of the cell is made of polychromestone diamond shapes, creating a cube-likeeffect. On either side of the portico are thestatues of Apollo and Diana, depicted asarchers (originals at the Naples Museum); thealtar at the foot of the steps is from the Sullanperiod (approximately 80 BC); the colonnadewith sundial dates from in the second half of the 2nd cent. BC, aspart of the plan to create monumentsthroughout the city. It has a rectangular layout,with three naves, with a ceiling sloping straightdown in both directions from the centralcolumns and half columns at the top of thewalls, where there are still remains ofdecorations in first style *: at the back is thetribunal, where the magistrates sat, reached bya wooden staircase.

10 The building wasdedicated to administering justice and forbusiness 6 The first monumental arrangement dates fromthe 2nd cent. BC, with a few buildings and theporticos with their double row of tufa columns,replaced with white limestone in the imperial age,when the site was repaved and buildings addedon the east side where shops had previouslystood. Located at the intersection between thetwo main streets of the original urban center, theForum was the city's main square, where carttraffic was forbidden: it was surrounded on allsides by religious, political, and business the 1st cent. AD the Forum highlighted thecelebratory intention of the imperial house, wherethe monumental bases for commemorativestatues were placed on the south side, in front ofthe city's administrative buildings, while those ofillustrious citizens stood along the porticos: thesculptures have not been found, perhaps becausethey were removed by the people of Pompeiiwho returned after the eruption to take whateverthey could.


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