C PIPE INFORMATION B - Ontario Concrete Pipe Association

1 CONCRETEPIPEINFORMATIONBOOKLET5045 South Service Road, First FloorBurlington, Ontario , L7L 5Y7 Tel: 905 631-9696 Fax: 905 of ContentsIntroduction ..2 Bedding Considerations for Concrete pipe ..3 Inspection, Unloading & Storage Of Concrete pipe ..9 Lifting Systems ..13 Box Culverts & Welded Wire Fabric ..17 Connection To Concrete pipe ..25 Hydrogen Sulphide Production ..27 Service Life Of pipe Materials: Organic And Inorganic ..31 Chemical Resistance Of Sanitary Sewers ..33 Steel Reinforcement For Concrete pipe ..35 Key Factors In The Determination Of Loads On Rigid pipe ..39 Maintenance Hole Selection Guidelines ..43 Jacking pipe ..49 Why Is It Important to Establish An Entry Permit Protocol For Confined Spaces?

2 57 Reinforced Concrete pipe mm Crack Design ..63 The Weight of Concrete pipe ..64 Strength Of Materials ..65 Joint Integrity ..67 Explaining Minimum & Maximum Velocity ..69 pipe To Maintenance Hole Flexible Connectors ..73 Hydraulic Design - Manning Equation ..75 Jointing Procedure ..79 Gravity Sewer pipe Specifications ..87 Canadian Highway Bridge Code ..91 Internal Drop Structure ..95 The Significance of Cracking in Concrete pipe ..101 Precast Adjustment Ring Handling & Installment ..113 Curved Alignment ..116 Concrete pipe INFORMATION BookletOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION Booklet OCPA MembersOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION BookletOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION BookletThe LANGLEY Concrete Group of CompaniesOCPA Out-of-Province MembersOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION Booklet - 2-Introduction The Ontario Concrete pipe Association and the Ontarioprecast drainage producers are pleased to provide youwith the Concrete pipe INFORMATION Booklet.

3 The OCPAand its member producers have long been recognized asleading sources of technical INFORMATION on the precastconcrete pipe , maintenance hole and box culvert booklet is a compilation of material assembled into aformat designed for quick and easy reference to many ofthe issues that relate to the design, manufacture and instal-lation of Concrete pipe and the gravity sewer market, many different pipematerials are available for use. This booklet will alsotouch on a few items for consideration when choosing apipe material for infrastructure. The topics discussed inthis booklet do not cover all issues that may be relevant inthe design of an infrastructure project.

4 Instead, the book-let highlights many of the commonly asked questions thatrelate to Concrete pipe , maintenance holes and box 1957 the Ontario Concrete pipe Association hasbeen the source of INFORMATION relating to industry prod-ucts. We hope this booklet will become a reference toolcapable of providing useful insight into many of the issuesthat have been brought to the attention of our industry. Weare and will continue to be committed to the improvementof the only product anchored, in an ever-changing market-place, by its historical reliability as evidenced by the lastone hundred years or more of dedicated Considerations for Concrete PipeEase of installation can be mistaken for ease of lightweight pipe is easy to handle, it is far moreinstallation sensitive than the heavier Concrete pipe .

5 Thedegree of dependence on the soil- pipe interaction is ameasure of installation sensitivity and hence ease ofinstallation. The ease of installation for Concrete pipetogether with powerful new tools for the design engineerlead to opportunities for saving time and non-renewablematerials on underground infrastructure strength of Concrete pipe is determined by a threeedge bearing test (3EB), establishing pipe strength undera severe point load condition. Traditional Concrete pipedesign uses a bedding factor of about 2 for granular bedding material as a means of equating the 3EB strengthto a proposed installation. This means that the measured3EB for crack is equivalent to approximately dou-ble the design load.

6 The conservative bedding factor hasproven reliable for decades for a variety of contrast to the methodology for designing a concretepipe installation, flexible pipe installation can be associat-ed to the relationship between pipe stiffness and soil stiffness required in the soil envelope. The relatively lowstiffness of flexible pipe must be compensated for byassuming that the installer can provide high soil stiffnessthrough good installation techniques. An imported granular material is used in the installation of flexible pipeto attain the necessary soil stiffness. The granular envelope must provide uniform pressure around the cir-cumference of the conduit to allow the tubing to maintainan approximation of the original circular pipe with a parallel plate test stiffness of320 kPa is often used in design with a modulus of soilOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION Booklet - 3 -reaction of 7000 kPa.

7 The soil stiffness must be about 22times higher (7000/320) than the stiffness of the flexiblepipe. The flexible pipe designer must be confident thatrealistic assumptions are used in his design and that theinstaller is aware of and capable of providing the assumeddesign parameters in what can be adverse field conditions. New Concrete bedding designs, developed by theAmerican Concrete pipe Association (ACPA) and subse-quently adopted by the American Society of CivilEngineers (ASCE), American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM), the American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and theCanadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC), havechanged the way that Concrete pipe installations aredesigned.

8 SIDD, Standard Installation Direct Design, anda powerful new design tool, PipePac, provide new oppor-tunities to optimize installations for the designer wantingto utilize the reliability and installation ease of concretepipe. PipePac is a design package that permits the use offinite element analysis, on which SIDD is based, to determine the strength of pipe required for any installa-tion. This is in addition to the traditional methods used fordecades. The SIDD bedding design accounts for limitations not addressed in the traditional design method,such as: Loads considered to be acting only at the top of pipe ; Axial thrust not considered; Difficulty in providing a shaped bedding ; Bedding materials and compaction levels not ade-quately Considerations for Concrete PipeOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION Booklet - 4 -Bedding Considerations for Concrete PipeOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION Booklet - 5 -The finite element model prescribes definitive trench configurations (refer to Figure 1) and measurable levels ofcompaction (refer to Table 1).

9 Table 1:Compaction on next pageFigure 1:Standard Trench Table 1:Compaction RequirementsSTANDARD TRENCH INSTALLATION SOILS AND MINIMUM COMPACTION REQUIREMENTSI nstallationBedding ThicknessHaunch andLower SideTypeOuter Bedding1Do/24 minimum,95% SW90% SWnot less than ML, If rock foundation,or 100% CLuse Do/12 minimum,not less than minimum,90% SW or 85% SW or not less than ML90% ML orIf rock foundation,95% CLuse Do/12 minimum,not less than minimum,85% SW, 85% SW, not less than ML or 90% ML or If rock foundation,95% CL95% CLuse Do/12 minimum,not less than bedding required, No compaction No compactionexcept if rock foundation, required, exceptrequired, exceptuse Do/12 minimum, if CL, use 85%if CL,use 85% CLnot less than 150mm.

10 Where Dois the outer diameter of the pipe SW are well-graded material (sands, gravels etc.) ML are inorganic silts, fine sands or clayey silts withslight plasticity CLare inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity,gravelly clays, sandy clays Considerations for Concrete PipeOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION Booklet - 6 -Bedding Considerations for Concrete PipeOCPA Concrete pipe INFORMATION Booklet - 7 -SIDD bedding allows for a range of installation optionsfrom high quality granular bedding to the use of nativematerials. The bedding design is left to the designer, whois able to determine the most appropriate installationdesign for the project under consideration. This decisionshall be based on a combination of issues, such as projectlocation, ultimate use of infrastructure, site conditions,availability of materials and installation cost.