Carbonyl Group Reactions ¥Addition Reactions ÐCarbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions. ÐThis is one of the most important reactions of the carbonyl group. O C + O C E E Y Y ¥Addition reactions occur by two different mechanisms: ÐBase-catalyzed addition (under basic or neutral conditions)
1 An Introduction to Density Functional Theory N. M. Harrison Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, SW7 2AY, London and
Both aldehydes and ketones contain carbonyl group (>C = O) and are commonly known as carbonyl compounds. Identification of aldehydes and ketones is done by two important reactions of carbonyl group i.e. (i) addition reaction on double bond of >C = O group and (ii) oxidation of carbonyl group. Addition reactions of derivatives of ammonia are ...
23.1 Mechanism of Carbonyl Condensation Reactions An enolate of one carbonyl (nucleophile) reacts with the carbonyl carbon (electrophile) of a second carbonyl compound (1,2-addition reaction) resulting in the formation of a new C-C bond General mechanism (Fig. 23.1, page 855): Nucleophilic carbonyl: aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides and nitrile
361 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids The carbonyl carbon atom is sp2-hybridised and forms three sigma (σ) bonds. The fourth valence electron of carbon remains in its p-orbital and forms a π-bond with oxygen by overlap with p-orbital of an oxygen. In addition, the oxygen atom also has two non bonding electron pairs.
addition at the carbonyl group of another molecule. This process is a very important synthetic procedure and is known as the Aldol Condensation. The final product from aliphatic aldehydes or ketones contains both a carbonyl and an alcohol group. The product is called an aldol. CH 3CH=O CH 2CH=O CH 2=CH-O OH CH 3CH=O CH 2CH=O CH 3CH-O CH 2CH=O H ...
From Aldehydes or Ketones: Reductive Amination (Section 19-19) R R 1 O Ketone or aldehyde + H N R 3 R 2 NaBH 3C cat.H+ R R H 1 N 2R via N • Access: 1º, 2º, or 3º Amines • Mechanism: Not required. (Basic workup) • The carbonyl reactant can be an aldehyde or a ketone • The amine reactant must have at least one hydrogen, as shown above ...
17.5: Alcohols from reduction of carbonyl compounds add the equivalent of H 2 across the π-bond of the carbonyl to give an alcohol RR' C O[H] R' RH H aldehyde (R or R´= H) → 1° alcohol ketone (R and R´≠ H) → 2° alcohol [H]: sodium borohydride: NaBH 4, ethanol reduces aldehydes to 1° alcohols and ketones to 2° alcohols
carbonyl product, which is greater for a low-valentmetal. Note that the first step in the case of an aldehydeis oxidative addition of the aldehydeC−H bond. It is much more difficult for the metal to break into a C−C bond so ketones, R 2CO, are usually resistant to this reaction.