Cellular Vehicle to Everything C-V2X Technologies

1 Leading the world to 5G: Cellular Vehicle -to- Everything ( C-V2X ) technologiesJune 20162 The connected Vehicle is already a mainstream reality1 Combination of Strategy Analytics, Jan. 16 and LMC Automotive; 2 qualcomm Technologies , Inc. company data; 3 Includes SoC, Cellular , Bluetooth, Wi-Fi , GNSS and PLC#1 in telematics2 Decades of industry experienceBroad portfolio of technologies340M+ ASICs shipped, serving 20+ OEMs globally3 Cellular penetration in new light vehicles sales by 2021160% qualcomm Technologies , Inc. is a proven, trusted solution provider for automotive3 Our vision for the always-connected Vehicle of the future A safer, more efficient, more enjoyable driving experience Safer towards zero road accidentsGreener reduce air pollution & emissionsMore predictable and productive travelIncreasinglyautonomousHighly intelligentHighly secureIncreasinglyelectric (or hybrid) Always connected4 Requires new levels of connectivity and intelligenceHeterogeneous connectivityOn-device intelligenceVehicle-to-Everythingcommuni cationsConnectedinfotainmentWireless EVchargingReal-timenavigationBluetoothWi -Fi / HotspotCellular 3G/4G/5 GAlways-ontelematicsCAN / Ethernet / PowerlineIntuitiveinstrumentationImmersi vemultimediaAugmentedrealityAlways-onsen singComputer visionIntuitive securityMachine learning5 Delivering significant economic and societal impactTotal potential economic impact of over $1 Trillion USD per year1 Less greenhousegas emissionsMore predictable,productive travelFewer drivingfatalities/injuriespeople die each yearon the roads worldwide2> of fuels wasted due traffic congestion in the all global warming emissions from transportation414%1 Rocky Mountain Institute 2016; 2 Global Status Report on Road Safety, World Health Organization 2015; 3 Texas Transportation Institute Urban Mobility Report, 2015.

2 , Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 20146V2X is a critical component to our visionGiving vehicles the ability to communicate with each other and beyondVehicle-to- Vehicle (V2V) collision avoidance safety systemsVehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) traffic signal timing/priorityVehicle-to-network (V2N) real-time traffic / routing, cloud servicesVehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) safety alerts to pedestrians, bicyclists7V2X is a key technology enabler to enhanced ADASB ringing significant value to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Improved active safetyProvides 360 non-line-of-sight awareness, intersections/on-ramps, environmental conditions Better traffic efficiencyAllows vehicles to safely drive closer to each other and enables optimization of overall traffic flowIncreased situational awarenessProvides ability to gather data from further ahead to deliver a more predictable driving experienceV2IV2NV2VV2 PLiDARR adarComputerVision8V2X enables a broad and growing set of use casesMuch more than collision avoidance Queue warningForward collision warningDo Not Pass Warning (DNPW)Blind intersectionCooperative adaptivecruise control & platooning Vulnerable Road User (VRU)

3 AlertsEmergency Vehicle alert Discover parking and chargingTraffic signal priorityand optimal speed advisoryCurve speed warning9Wi-Fi based technology standardAdapted for latency-critical V2X communications in the GHz bandEstablished security and upper layer specificationsWith service layer / performance requirements defined by SDOs, SAE, ETSI-ITS1 Path to DSRC2rulemaking in USA by NHSTA3expected to start in 20164 Based on standard Large scale field trials completed over the last decadeCommercially available technology here has established the foundation for V2X1 Standard Development Organizations, Society for Automotive Engineers, European Telecommunications Standards Institute Intelligent Transport Systems; 2 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC); 3 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 4To improve road safety for future light vehicles qualcomm has conducted extensive research into various use cases for DSRC, including V2P applications that could extend the safety benefits to vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclistsQCA6584*2nd generation qualcomm Technologies offering with integrated Wi-Fi LAN and Bluetooth10 Paving the path to more autonomous driving Requires continued V2X technology evolution Increasing safety requirements Active safety use cases need to account for faster moving vehicles and denser traffic conditionsExpandinguse casesNew situational awareness, traffic management, and connected cloud services Morevehicle dataFrom sharing simple statusdata today to a fully coordinated driving experience 11 Introducing Cellular V2X ( C-V2X )

4 A unified connectivity platform for the connected Vehicle of the futurePart of Release 14 of the global 3 GPP standardTarget C-V2X specification completion end of 20161 Builds upon existing LTE connectivity platform for automotiveLTE already delivering key services today, telematics, eCall, connected infotainmentEnhances LTE Direct for V2X direct communicationsImprovements over up to a few additional seconds of alert latency and 2x range2 Leverages existing LTE networks for V2X network communicationsUsing LTE Broadcast optimized for V2X to offer additional applications/servicesRich roadmap towards 5G with strong ecosystem supportTechnology evolution to address expanding capabilities/use cases 1 For Direct communications component (enhancements to LTE Direct) overall spec completion expected mid-2017; 2 Based on qualcomm Research simulations (see future slides for further information) 12 Advanced MIMOC arrier aggregation Low LatencyDual connectivitySON+Massive/FD-MIMOCoMPDevic e-to-deviceUnlicensed spectrum Enhanced CAInternet of Things256 QAMC-V2 XFeICICFDD-TDD CAeLAAE nhanced BroadcastPart of rich roadmap of Technologies Paving the path to 5 GNote: Estimated commercial dates.

5 Not all features commercialized at the same timeLTE Advanced ProLTE Advanced20152020+Rel-10/11/125 GRel-15 and beyond Rel-13 and beyond 13 Example GHzV2X requires regionally harmonized ITS spectrumRecommend at least 70 MHz of spectrum to support technology / use case evolution1 Must prove it can co-exist with V2X technologiesto accommodate today s existing/emerging use cases ( and/or C-V2X )30 MHzDedicated++20 MHzPrimaryfor future intelligent transportation use cases or technology migrationmay be shared with unlicensed spectrum access technologies120 MHzSharedExpanding and evolving the Cellular system for V2X communicationsIntroduced in 3 GPP Release 14 part of LTE Advanced Pro15C-V2X defines two complementary transmission modesDirect communicationsBuilding upon LTE Direct device-to-device design with enhancements for high speeds / high Doppler, high density, improved synchronization and low latency Proximal direct communications (100s of meters) Operates both in-and out-of-coverage Latency-sensitive use cases, V2V safetyNetwork communicationsUsing LTE Broadcast to broadcast messages from a V2X server to vehicles and beyond.

6 Vehicles can send messages to server via unicast. Wide area networks communications Leverages existing LTE networks More latency tolerant use cases, V2N situational awarenessPC5 location, accident 1 kilometer ahead16 Network communications1(Via Uuinterface) Directcommunications(via PC5 interface) C-V2X designed for both in-coverage and out-of-coverage1C-V2X also supports a single MNO managed network for in-coverageDirect communications(via PC5 interface)Out-of-coverageIn-coverageComm on V2 VfrequencyCommon V2 VfrequencyOperator AV2N frequency 1 Operator BV2N frequency 2 Operator CV2N frequency 317 Evolving the LTE Direct device-to-device platformRelease 14 and beyondMulti-hop communicationand more use casesRelease 13 Expanded D2D discovery andD2D communicationsRelease 12D2D platform for consumer and public safety use casesMore flexible discovery such as restricted/private1and inter-frequencyDiscovery of 1000s of devices/services in ~500mDevice-to-networkrelays2 Reliable one-to-many communications (in-and out-of-coverage)2 Enhancements forvehicle-to- Everything (V2X)Additional D2D communication capabilities, multi-hop for IoT1 Important for Social Networking discovery use cases.

7 2 Designed for Public Safety use cases18 LTE Direct device-to-device communicationsIntroduced in Release 12 for public safety use cases, push-to-talk* SA = Scheduling AssignmentsTransmit devices send SA to identify resources, as well as Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) for subsequent data transmission Receive devices monitor SA resource to determine when to listen for data transmission Centralized (Mode 1)eNodeBallocates control (SA*) and data resources to transmit devicesDistributed (Mode 2)Transmit device selects SA anddata resources from resourcepools; can operate out-of-coverage4ms160msSADataSADataBroad cast communication no channel feedback19 Reuse established service & app layersAlready defined by automotive community, SAER euse existing security and transport layers Defined by ISO, ETSI, and IEEE 1609 family Enhancements to LTE Direct PHY/MACTo address latency-critical, reliable V2X communicationsC-V2X builds upon LTE Direct D2D communications With enhancements to address V2X requirementsApplicationsSafety and non-safetyIEEE / ISO / ETSI TransportMessageSublayerUDP / TCPIPv6 PDCPRLCMACPHYLTE DirectProtocol3 GPP reuseother standards3 GPP scopeIEEE / ISO Security ServicesNon-IPNote.

8 Also enhancements to the LTE Direct network architecture / system design to support V2X 20 Overcoming the challenges of V2X communicationsHigh relative speedsLeads to significant Dopplershift / frequency offsetHigh node densitiesRandom resource allocation results in excessive resource collisionsTime synchronizationLack of synchronization source when out-of-coverageEnhanced signal increasing # of ref signal symbols to improve synchronization and channel estimation Enhanced transmission structureTransmit control and data on the samesub-frame to reduce in-band emissionsMore efficient resource allocationNew methods using sensing and semi-persistent resource selectionAllow utilization of GPS timingEnhancements to use satellite ( GNSS) when out-of-coverage V2X ChallengesC-V2X Solutions250km/h250km/h21C-V2X increases reaction time over improved safety use cases especially at high-speeds, highwayBased on link level curves and the 3 GPP LOS path loss model@ 10% Packet Error Actual performance varies significantly with Vehicle density and environmentSafer drivingexperienceIncreased driver reaction timeSupport forhigh speedsRelative speeds up to 500km/hIncreased situational awarenessGather data from further ahead Braking distance~ time~ range > range ~225mReaction time~ LTE ~8dB higher link budget due to single carrier waveform, coding gain, longer transmission time and higher Txpower140km/h140km/h0km/h22C-V2X leverages existing, ubiquitous LTE networksWith V2X communications via the network1SC-PTM: Singe-Cell Point-To-Multipoint.

9 2 MNOs: Mobile Network OperatorsV2X serverIP layer & aboveLTE unicast (UL)LTE Broadcast (DL)Other inputsUnified service platform New opportunities for MNOs2combined with today s servicesFurther enhance V2V safetyBy rebroadcasting V2V info via network in high-density use casesIncrease range / utilityIncrease situational awareness using messaging via the networkOptimizations to decrease end-to-end latency through techniques like SC-PTM23 Delivering advanced services to vehiclesOpening up new opportunities and diverse business models for MNOs1 Road Side UnitsApp traffic managementV2I(PC5)V2V mostly for safety and ADAS servicesMost use cases use a combination of interfacesV2N provides over-the-top cloud servicesV2I(Uu)V2N (Uu)RSUs can be eNodeBsor standalone roadside devicesRSUs1can connect to network for cloud services V2I allows RSUs to monitor traffic, traffic signals, tollsV2V(PC5)UuInterfacePC5 InterfaceRoadmap to 5G will bring even more opportunities for the connected vehicle3 GPP Release 15 and beyond255G will bring new capabilities for the connected vehicleNew OFDM-based 5G air interface scalable to an extreme variation of requirements 1 Also exploring alternative roots of trust beyond the SIM cardExtreme throughputUp to multi-Gpbswith more uniformity wider bandwidths,advanced antenna techniquesEdgeless connectivityNew ways of connect, multi-hopto extend coverage, plus nativelyincorporate D2 DHigh reliability Ultra-reliable transmissions that canbe time multiplexed with nominal trafficthrough puncturing1ms end-to-end latencyThrough a faster, more flexibleframe structure.

10 Also new uplinkRSMA non-orthogonal accessHigh availabilityMulti-connectivity to provide multiplelinks for failure tolerance and mobility265G will build upon and enhance C-V2 XNew 5G platform will augment/complement C-V2X no rip and replace Multi-mode Vehicle with simultaneous connectivity across 4G LTE, C-V2X and 5 GContinue to evolve and provide ubiquitous coverage as 5G is rolled outBring new capabilities for C-V2X network communications and augment C-V2X directcommunications over timeC-V2X direct and network communications 27 Flexible 5G network architecture also brings benefitsLeveraging virtualized network functions to create optimized network slices Configurable end-to-end connectivity per vertical Modular, specialized network functions per services Flexible subscription models Dynamic control and user planes with more functionality at the edgeBetter cost/energy efficiencyOptimized performanceFlexible business modelsDynamic creation of servicesMobile broadbandTelematicsMission-critical control28 Enabling the next gen of connected Vehicle experiencesSample use cooperative collision avoidanceand high-density platooning whichrequires new levels of latency andreliability, plus larger message see-through capability when driving behind truck or leveraging real-time video feeds for navigation systems Passengers can enjoy the next generation of connected immersive experiences, Virtual Reality,3D/UHD video telepresence Fully autonomous drivingV2X augmented realityExtreme mobile broadband295G standardizatio