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CHALLENGES FACED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES …

111 CHALLENGES FACED BY CHALLENGES FACED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND PRACTICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE FISH SAFETY AND QUALITY FISH SAFETY AND QUALITY TO BE ABLE TO compete IN TO BE ABLE TO compete IN THE LIBERALIZED GLOBAL THE LIBERALIZED GLOBAL MARKET:MARKET:N. K. Gitonga (Mrs.)N. K. Gitonga COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Contribution to global fish tradeContribution to global fish trade DEVELOPING COUNTRIES contribute over DEVELOPING COUNTRIES contribute over 50% of the world fish trade. 50% of the world fish trade. Net earnings of foreign exchange from Net earnings of foreign exchange from fish trade, in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES have fish trade, in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES have continued to rise contributing more continued to rise contributing more than meat, tea, bananas and coffee put than meat, tea, bananas and coffee put together. together. About 58% of fish consumed in the EU About 58% of fish consumed in the EU come from noncome from non--EU waters, mainly from EU waters, mainly from DEVELOPING countriesdeveloping countries3 Major CHALLENGES with respect to Major CHALLENGES with respect to Fisheries GlobalizationFisheries Globalization International Regulatory Framework for International Regulatory Framework for Fish Safety and Safety and Quality.

1 1 challenges faced by developing countries and practical approaches to achieve fish safety and quality to be able to compete in the liberalized global

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Transcription of CHALLENGES FACED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES …

1 111 CHALLENGES FACED BY CHALLENGES FACED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND PRACTICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE FISH SAFETY AND QUALITY FISH SAFETY AND QUALITY TO BE ABLE TO compete IN TO BE ABLE TO compete IN THE LIBERALIZED GLOBAL THE LIBERALIZED GLOBAL MARKET:MARKET:N. K. Gitonga (Mrs.)N. K. Gitonga COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Contribution to global fish tradeContribution to global fish trade DEVELOPING COUNTRIES contribute over DEVELOPING COUNTRIES contribute over 50% of the world fish trade. 50% of the world fish trade. Net earnings of foreign exchange from Net earnings of foreign exchange from fish trade, in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES have fish trade, in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES have continued to rise contributing more continued to rise contributing more than meat, tea, bananas and coffee put than meat, tea, bananas and coffee put together. together. About 58% of fish consumed in the EU About 58% of fish consumed in the EU come from noncome from non--EU waters, mainly from EU waters, mainly from DEVELOPING countriesdeveloping countries3 Major CHALLENGES with respect to Major CHALLENGES with respect to Fisheries GlobalizationFisheries Globalization International Regulatory Framework for International Regulatory Framework for Fish Safety and Safety and Quality.

2 WTO AgreementsWTO Agreements Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) AgreementAgreement Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) AgreementAgreement Fish Safety and Quality Assurance and Fish Safety and Quality Assurance and the Global Perspectivethe Global Perspective4 SPS Agreement CHALLENGES for SPS Agreement CHALLENGES for DEVELOPING CountriesDeveloping COUNTRIES Inability to participate effectively in the Inability to participate effectively in the dispute settlement proceduresdispute settlement procedures Failure to demonstrate that domestic Failure to demonstrate that domestic measures are equivalent to developed measures are equivalent to developed COUNTRIES requirements due to a poor scientific COUNTRIES requirements due to a poor scientific and technical infrastructure in many and technical infrastructure in many DEVELOPING COUNTRIES . DEVELOPING COUNTRIES . Lack of financial or technical resources to Lack of financial or technical resources to implement stringent requirements.

3 Implement stringent requirements. Lack of capacity to take a significant role in Lack of capacity to take a significant role in the standard setting process the standard setting process Weak position of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES to Weak position of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES to mitigate the application of unjustified SPS mitigate the application of unjustified SPS measuresmeasures5 Effects of application of SPS Effects of application of SPS Measures on fish tradeMeasures on fish trade Embargo of fish trade with Kenya by Spain for alleged salmonella presence in fish. Lengthy and unfair EU fish bans Slow harmonization (equivalency) process. Application of SPS measures to bar trade without sufficient Scientific evidence (case of cholera ban).6 Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) AgreementAgreement The TBT Agreement includes measures The TBT Agreement includes measures designed to protect consumer against designed to protect consumer against deception and economic fraud.

4 Deception and economic fraud. The Agreement covers standards relating to The Agreement covers standards relating to all types of products including industrial all types of products including industrial products and quality requirement for foods, products and quality requirement for foods, except those covered by SPS those covered by SPS measures. The objective of TBT The objective of TBT Agreement isAgreement isto prevent to prevent use of national and regional technical use of national and regional technical requirements or standards in general, as requirements or standards in general, as unjustified technical barriers to trade. unjustified technical barriers to trade. 7 Interventions to ensure fair trade in Interventions to ensure fair trade in Fish and Fish ProductsFish and Fish Products Both SPS and TBT Agreements require Both SPS and TBT Agreements require member COUNTRIES to provide technical member COUNTRIES to provide technical assistance to DEVELOPING countriesassistance to DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Special and differential treatment provisions Special and differential treatment provisions call for consideration of needs of DEVELOPING call for consideration of needs of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES when preparing and implementing COUNTRIES when preparing and implementing SPS measures.

5 SPS measures. Longer time frames for compliance on Longer time frames for compliance on products of interest to DEVELOPING COUNTRIES . products of interest to DEVELOPING COUNTRIES . (This consideration in the agreements is (This consideration in the agreements is however, hardly ever applied even though the however, hardly ever applied even though the fish industry in most African COUNTRIES play an fish industry in most African COUNTRIES play an important role in the economies of DEVELOPING important role in the economies of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES .) COUNTRIES .)8 How to overcome the unfair trade How to overcome the unfair trade barriers. (1) barriers. (1) Capacity building Capacity building Training of Trainers (TOT) on various fields relevant Training of Trainers (TOT) on various fields relevant to trade and food safety, to trade and food safety, Building capacity ( human resources and equipment) Building capacity ( human resources and equipment) for an effective quality and safety assurance for an effective quality and safety assurance systemssystems Negotiations skills, Negotiations skills, Improvement of infrastructure, especially the cold Improvement of infrastructure, especially the cold Establishment of testing and referral laboratories,Establishment of testing and referral laboratories, Building of good and credible scientific database, Building of good and credible scientific database, through regular sampling and analysis of samples, through regular sampling and analysis of samples, to counter any false claims.

6 To counter any false claims. Development of bankable project proposals to help in Development of bankable project proposals to help in accessing financial resourcesaccessing financial Participation in standard setting committeesParticipation in standard setting committees9 How to overcome the unfair trade How to overcome the unfair trade barriers. (2)barriers. (2) Financial resourcesFinancial resources Establish a sustainable funding mechanism; Establish a sustainable funding mechanism; Mobilisation of funds from governments and Mobilisation of funds from governments and development partnersdevelopment partners, , Policies Policies Development of sound policies and strategies for Development of sound policies and strategies for food safety and safety and quality. Development of an effective and relevant legal Development of an effective and relevant legal framework to facilitate good hygiene practices. framework to facilitate good hygiene practices.

7 Co ordination and harmonisation of Co ordination and harmonisation of important requirementsimportant requirements Given the complexity of SPS issues and other Given the complexity of SPS issues and other requirements by importing COUNTRIES , harmonization requirements by importing COUNTRIES , harmonization or equivalent standards and not sameness would be or equivalent standards and not sameness would be the best option. the best option. 10 Fish inspection and quality control Fish inspection and quality control systems challengesystems challenge The major CHALLENGES the region DEVELOPING The major CHALLENGES the region DEVELOPING COUNTRIES face in the development of Fish COUNTRIES face in the development of Fish Inspection and Quality Control Systems Inspection and Quality Control Systems include:include:-- Insufficient financial resources, Insufficient financial resources, poor infrastructure, poor infrastructure, inadequate technical and scientific expertise, inadequate technical and scientific expertise, poor understanding of regulations and therefore poor poor understanding of regulations and therefore poor application, insufficient awareness of fish inspection application, insufficient awareness of fish inspection and quality Assurance by policy makers, and quality Assurance by policy makers, inadequate harmonization at the regional and subinadequate harmonization at the regional and sub--regional levels, regional levels, inadequate capacity for Fish Inspection Quality inadequate capacity for Fish Inspection Quality Assurance, and Assurance.

8 And poor communication and networking within and poor communication and networking within and between to overcome Fish inspection and How to overcome Fish inspection and quality control systems challenge (1)quality control systems challenge (1) In order to address these CHALLENGES , it In order to address these CHALLENGES , it will be necessary to: will be necessary to: -- Explore possibilities to mobilize national Explore possibilities to mobilize national resources, Fish Levy for Fisheries resources, Fish Levy for Fisheries development and biodiversity and biodiversity conservation. Build national and regional capacities to Build national and regional capacities to address emerging CHALLENGES such as risk address emerging CHALLENGES such as risk analysis, HACCP etc. Technical assistance analysis, HACCP etc. Technical assistance could be solicited from FAO and the be solicited from FAO and the EU. Build fish inspection and quality and safety Build fish inspection and quality and safety assurance capacity at national level assurance capacity at national level through training of trainers and improving through training of trainers and improving on to overcome Fish inspection and How to overcome Fish inspection and quality control systems challenge (2)quality control systems challenge (2) Upgrade analytical capabilities at national Upgrade analytical capabilities at national and regional level to include training and regional level to include training equipment, and analytical , and analytical skills.

9 Develop and strengthen coDevelop and strengthen co--operation and operation and exchange of information with other regional exchange of information with other regional and international institutions. and international institutions. Create databases on fish inspection and Create databases on fish inspection and Quality Assurance Standard Operating Quality Assurance Standard Operating Procedures, Codes of Practice etc. This Procedures, Codes of Practice etc. This would assist in the harmonization of fishing would assist in the harmonization of fishing inspection and Qualityinspection and Quality13 Other ChallengesOther CHALLENGES Frequent changes in the importing COUNTRIES Frequent changes in the importing COUNTRIES requirements; requirements; Compliance in new food laws and requirements of Compliance in new food laws and requirements of importing COUNTRIES the new EU importing COUNTRIES the new EU Regulation Regulation 178/2002, which has h178/2002, which has hharmonized hygiene harmonized hygiene requirements currently scattered over 17 EU requirements currently scattered over 17 EU Regulations and three DirectivesRegulations and three Directives,, Product Certification Product Certification Origin; Origin.

10 The marketing of fish requires that the The marketing of fish requires that the country of origin of the marketed fish guarantee its country of origin of the marketed fish guarantee its quality and safety. quality and safety. EcoEco--labelling;labelling;14 Other ChallengesOther CHALLENGES Traceability Traceability This is another phenomenon that the DEVELOPING This is another phenomenon that the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES have to comply with, though ill have to comply with, though ill equipped. Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)The European Commission publishes weekly alert and The European Commission publishes weekly alert and information notification. Though this is meant to information notification. Though this is meant to protect consumers and advise them on choices it also protect consumers and advise them on choices it also impacts negatively on the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES fish impacts negatively on the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES fish exports.


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