Chapter 11

1 solid waste managementChapter 1111 TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION.. 1 Aim of the guidelines .. 1 The waste cycle .. 1 Basic components .. 1 SOUTH AFRICAN SCENARIO .. 2 History.. 2 Social revolution .. 2 Mix of well-developed and poorly-developed areas .. 2 Demand for land .. 2 Social upliftment and empowerment in underprivileged areas.. 2 Public perceptions.. 3 Legislation.. 3 waste CATEGORIES .. 4 Domestic and household waste .. 4 Business and commercial waste .. 4 Sanitary waste .. 4 Non-hazardous industrial waste .. 4 Construction waste .. 4 Hospital and medical waste .. 4 Hazardous and toxic waste .. 4ON-SITE STORAGE .. 4 waste COLLECTION .. 6 Collection systems .. 6 Collection vehicles .. 6 STREET CLEANING .. 10 TRANSFER STATIONS/SYSTEMS .. 10 Location .. 11iGUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNS olid waste management Chapter 11iiGUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNC hapter 11 solid waste management RECYCLING.

2 11 Aim .. 11 History.. 11 Markets .. 11 Education .. 11 DISPOSAL .. 11 Landfill site classification .. 11 INCINERATION.. 12 LEVELS OF SERVICE .. 15 Level 1 .. 15 Level 2 .. 15 Level 3 .. 16 Level 4 .. 16 Level 5 .. 16 GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LEVELS OF SERVICE .. 16 Quantity and composition .. 16 Collection-route balancing and planning .. 16 CONCLUSION.. 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 18 LIST OF TABLEST able South African legislation ..3 Table cost of transport and collection options (1996) ..9 Table classification ..11 Table requirements for landfill sites ..13 Table requirements for permitting a landfill site ..14 Table to responsibilities and conditions ..17 LIST OF FIGURESF igure waste cycle ..1 Figure urban development areas ..2 Figure storage options ..5 Figure collection and transport options ..7 Figure of vehicle requirements ..8 Figure of service ..15 Figure collection alternatives.

3 18iiiGUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNS olid waste management Chapter 11ivGUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNC hapter 11 solid waste management INTRODUCTIONAim of the guidelinesThis Chapter discusses waste management fordeveloping urban areas. The aim of the guidelines is toassist such areas in implementing a waste - management plan that will enable them to deal withwaste as economically and safely as possible. Wasteproduced by any urban community may, if leftuncontrolled, not only be an aesthetic problem, butalso pose serious health risks. This can be aggravated ifhazardous material is present in the waste . It istherefore important that waste is collected from allsources as efficiently as possible, and disposed of incontrolled disposal facilities. In the context of urbandevelopment, waste management at landfill sites isconsidered a bulk service and will not be discussed inany detail.

4 As there are a number of existing disposalfacilities in operation, it is necessary to understand theimportance of proper disposal and the influence oflandfill sites on the service provided and thecommunity as a whole. The level of service isdependent on financial inputs and can therefore is, however, a basic level of waste managementthat needs to be provided to all communities. Theseguidelines should assist authorities to achieve thisbasic level and also provide some information toenable standards to be waste cycleFigure The waste cycleAs waste management comprises many variable andinterrelated components, it is important to understandthe waste cycle and that when one component of thesystem changes, it invariably affects other parts of componentsGenerationShould any changes at this level - such as sourceseparation - be effected, consideration must begiven to appropriate type and capacity of on-site storagerequired; changes to collection procedures; reduction in landfill volumes; and sustainable markets for recyclable storageAny changes to on-site storage options mean thatconsideration must be given to waste volumes; waste types.

5 And collection changes in collection vehicles will have animpact on the number of working crews required andtherefore job opportunities; the capital and operational costs; the location of landfill and/or transfer stations;and the type of on-site stations/systemsRegardless of their degree of sophistication,transfer stations can assist in the reduction of haulage costs; reduce the congestion of traffic at the landfill;and provide opportunities for incineration is capital-intensive, but hasthe advantage of reducing the volume of waste needing finaldisposal, with a resultant reduction in land use; combating the spread of disease; and providing a potential energy considering a recycling programme it isnecessary to consider the involvement of the general public;RECYCLINGPROCESSWASTEGENERATEDON SITESTORAGECOLLECTIONTRANSFERSTATIONDIRE CTTRANSPORTSOURCESEPARATIONRECYCLEDPRODU CTSRECOVERYPLANTINCINERATIONDISPOSAL SITE1 GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNS olid waste management Chapter 112 GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNC hapter 11 solid waste management recycling agencies; entrepreneurial development; education of the community; secure markets; and economic landfilling being the final step in the wastemanagement cycle, consideration should be giventhe method used ( baling) which would reduce cover material requirements; reduce both wind-blown litter and vermin; reduce leachate production.

6 And influence the type of landfill equipment neededon the is therefore important to consider theimplications prior to implementation, ifsustainability of the service is to be AFRICAN SCENARIOH istoryFigure : Major urban development areasA formal waste collection service was firstimplemented in the Cape Colony in 1786, and by the1820s a regular waste collection service on specificdays of the week, using animal-drawn carts, was only in the 1920s, with the advent of motorvehicles in South Africa, that the advantages ofmechanical transport could be tested. The first trucksused for refuse collection were able to replace anumber of carts with a significant cost saving and theadvantage of easier revolutionThe rapidly changing socio-political situation hasmeant that traditional mechanised methods ofcollection have had to be rethought to adapt to thechanging times.

7 Rapid urbanisation, populationgrowth and the ability of people to pay for the serviceare major influencing factors. Improvements incommunity health and demands for a better service,coupled with environmental concerns, are factors thatsignificantly impact on waste of well-developed and poorly-developed areasPopulation influx has created many informal andcongested pedestrian-only settlements in open spacesand on the peripheries of towns and cities. This hasprovided the authorities responsible for wastemanagement in South Africa with new integrate well-developed and poorly-developedareas, engineers and town planners need to provideinnovative and cost-effective methods of wastecollection, while maintaining a standard acceptable toboth the community and the environment. Thisintegration has created a new platform where theinvolvement of the communities in planning wastemanagement systems is crucial, if sustainability andacceptance of the system are to be for landInflux and rapid urbanisation, plus social and politicalpressures, have put land at a premium in the city andtown areas.

8 A city landfill once thought of as being anacceptable distance from suburban housing now sitscheek by jowl with generally low-income - butpolitically vocal and influential - communities. Thesearch for acceptable disposal sites within aneconomically viable radius of collection operations,becomes more and more problematic. Publicparticipation and consultation is therefore of theutmost upliftment and empowerment inunderprivileged areasWith about half the potentially economically activepopulation unemployed, there is increased pressure onauthorities to couple the delivery of social serviceswith increasing elements of job creation. Labour-intensive - rather than mechanised - methods arepositively encouraged by central government and thisform of collection is rapidly becoming the norm ratherthan the exception, as it provides entrepreneurialopportunities and job creation in an activity wherethere are no serious technical or financial barriers toentry.

9 The government s privatisation policy furtherencourages this pattern, but the demand for higherwages and career opportunities must mean that oldtechnology must incorporate modern methods of costcontrol, efficiency and planning in order to provide acost-effective Western ProvinceFree StateNorthern CapeEastern CapeKwa-Zulu NatalRichards BayDurbanPietermaritzburgMaputuBloemfont einVryburgPietersburgEast LondonPort ElizabethCape TownKimberleyWestern CapeLESOTHON orthern ProvincePublic perceptionsThe concept of waste management is generallyunderstood by most citizens of South with residents in both formal and informalsettlements from Slovoville west of Johannesburg toMandela Village east of Pretoria, and as far afield asEmondlo in northern KwaZulu-Natal andPhuthaditjhaba in the Free State, highlighted the needfor a regular collection service and adequate on-sitestorage facilities.

10 There is also a huge plea for helpfrom most communities to educate and assist them inunderstanding the fundamental principles of is vital that the local authority, including itsrepresentatives and community leaders as well as theservice provider or contractor, be familiar with alllegislation regarding waste management . This isnecessary to ensure that, regardless of the level ofservice implemented, an affordable andenvironmentally acceptable standard is sections cover definitions,prohibitions, regulations, procedures forpermit applications, regulatory powers,offences and penalties, forfeiture anddelegatory powersDepartment of Environment Affairs3 GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNS olid waste management Chapter 11 Sections 19, 20,21, 22, 24, 25 Sections 21(1),22, 23, 26 These sections cover the prevention ofpollution by effluent, stormwater control,location of waste sites, offences andpenalties, policies and strategiesDepartment of Water Affairs & ForestrySections 1, 20(1)