Chapter 12: Probability and Statistics

1 1 ROBABILITYAND4 TATISTICSP robability and Statistics12682 Chapter 12 Probability and Statistics4 Label pockets as The Counting Principle, Permutations and Combinations, Probability , and Statistics . Place index cards for notes in each in half in both directions. Open and cut as LinkApproval Polls Polls are often conducted to determine how satisfied the public is with the job being performed by elected officials, such as the President and state governors. Results of these polls may determine on which issues an official focuses his or her 2 tabs on each of the short along the width. Staple each and Statistics Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes.

2 Begin with one sheet of 11" by 17" S. Warren/Associated Press Solve problems involving independent events, dependent events, permutations, and combinations. Find Probability and odds. Find statistical measures. Use the normal, binomial, and exponential distributions. Determine whether a sample is Vocabularyevent (p. 684) Probability (p. 697)sample space (p. 684)Option 1 Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for 2 GET READY for Chapter 12 Diagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite each Probability if a die is rolled once. (Prerequisite Skill) 1. P(2) 2. P(numbers greater than 1) 3.

3 P(5) 4. P(even number) 5. P(odd number) 6. P(numbers less than 5)STAMP COLLECTING Lynette collects stamps from different countries. She has 12 from Mexico, 5 from Canada, 3 from France, 8 from Great Britain, 1 from Russia and 3 from Germany. Find the Probability of each of the following if she accidentally loses one stamp. (Prerequisite Skill) 7. the stamp is from Canada 8. the stamp is not from Germany or RussiaExpand each binomial. (Lesson 11-7) 9. (a + b)3 10. (c + d)4 11. (m - n)5 12. (x + y)6 13. COINS A coin is flipped five times. Each time the coin is flipped the outcome is either a head h or a tail t.

4 The terms of the binomial expansion of (h + t)5 can be used to find the probabilities of each combination of heads and tails. Expand the binomial. (Lesson 11-7)EXAMPLE 1 Find the Probability of rolling a 1 or a 6 if a die is rolled (1 or 6) = number of desired outcomes ___ number of possible outcomes There are 2 desired outcomes since 1 or 6 are both desired. There are 6 possible outcomes since there are 6 sides on a (1 or 6) = 2 _ 6 = 1 _ 3 The Probability of a 1 or a 6 being rolled is 1 _ 3 , or about 33%.EXAMPLE 2 Expand (g h) Pascal s Triangle when expanding a binomial to a large 7a6b + 21a5b2 35a4b3 + 35a3b4 21a2b5 + 7ab6 b7 Notice the signs in the expansion alternate because the binomial is the difference of two terms.

5 The sum of the exponents of the variables in each term of the expansion is always 7, which is the power the binomial is being raised to. Substitute g for a and h for 7g6h + 21g5h2 35g4h3 + 35g3h4 21g2h5 + 7gh6 h7 Chapter 12 Get Ready for Chapter 12 683 Take the Online Readiness Quiz at Chapter 12 Probability and StatisticsThe Counting Principle12-1 The number of possible license plates for a state is too great to count by listing all of the possibilities. It is much more efficient to count the number of possibilities by using the Fundamental Counting Events An outcome is the result of a single trial. For example, the trial of flipping a coin once has two outcomes: head or tail.

6 The set of all possible outcomes is called the sample space. An event consists of one or more outcomes of a trial. The choices of letters and digits to be put on a license plate are called independent events because each letter or digit chosen does not affect the choices for the Events FOOD A sandwich cart offers customers a choice of hamburger, chicken, or fish on either a plain or a sesame seed bun. How many different combinations of meat and a bun are possible?First, note that the choice of the type of meat does not affect the choice of the type of bun, so these events are 1 Tree DiagramH represents hamburger, C, chicken, F, fish, P, plain, and S, sesame CombinationsHPHSCPCSFPFSM ethod 2 Make a TableMake a table in which each row represents a type of meat and each column represents a type of are six possible A cafeteria offers drink choices of water, coffee, juice, and milk and salad choices of pasta, fruit, and potato.

7 How many different combinations of drink and salad are possible? BunPlainSesameMealHamburgerHPHSC hickenCPCSFishFPFSR eading MathThere are both infinite and finite sample spaces. Finite sample spaces have a countable number of possible outcomes, such as rolling a die. Infinite sample spaces have an uncountable number of possible outcomes, such as the Probability of a point on a HarrisMain Ideas Solve problems involving independent events. Solve problems involving dependent Vocabularyoutcomesample spaceeventindependent eventsFundamental Counting Principledependent eventsLesson 12-1 The Counting Principle 685 Remember that you can check your answer by making a tree diagram or a table showing the that in Example 1, there are 3 ways to choose the type of meat, 2 ways to choose the type of bun, and 3 2 or 6 total ways to choose a combination of the two.

8 This illustrates the Fundamental Counting Counting PrincipleWords If event M can occur in m ways and is followed by event N that can occur in n ways, then event M followed by event N can occur in m n If event M can occur in 2 ways and event N can occur in 3 ways, then M followed by N can occur in 2 3 or 6 than Two Independent EventsCOMMUNICATION Many answering machines allow owners to call home and get their messages by entering a 3-digit code. How many codes are possible?The choice of any digit does not affect the other two digits, so the choices of the digits are independent are 10 possible first digits in the code, 10 possible second digits, and 10 possible third digits.

9 So, there are 10 10 10 or 1000 possible different code MathIndependent and dependent have the same meaning in mathematics as they do in ordinary rule can be extended to any number of won a contest on a radio station. The prize was a restaurant gift certificate and tickets to a sporting event. She can select one of three different restaurants and tickets to a football, baseball, basketball, or hockey game. How many different ways can she select a restaurant followed by a sporting event?A 7 B 12 C 15 D 16 Read the Test ItemHer choice of a restaurant does not affect her choice of a sporting event, so these events are the Test ItemThere are 3 ways she can choose a restaurant and there are 4 ways she can choose the sporting event.

10 By the Fundamental Counting Principle, there are 3 4 or 12 total ways she can choose her two prizes. The answer is Dane is renting a tuxedo for prom. Once he has chosen his jacket, he must choose from three types of pants and six colors of vests. How many different ways can he select his attire for the prom? F 9 G 10 H 18 J 36 Personal Tutor at Examples at Counting Principle686 Chapter 12 Probability and StatisticsLook BackTo r eview factorials, see Lesson If a garage door opener has a 10-digit keypad and the code to open the door is a 4-digit code, how many codes are possible? EXAMPLED ependent EventsSCHOOL Charlita wants to take 6 different classes next year.