Chapter 22 THE COLD WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION AFTER …

1 Chapter 22 THE COLD WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION AFTER THE second WORLD WAR Study Questions THE COLD WAR: THE OPENING DECADE, 1945 1955 1. What motivated Soviet conduct in the early postwar years? How did Soviet actions in Europe and elsewhere contribute to the Cold War? 2. How did President Truman and his advisers view Soviet actions in the early postwar years? What policies did the United States devise in this period? 3. Describe the circumstances and events that led to (a) the Truman Doctrine and (b) the Berlin airlift. How does the illustration on p. 891 show the nature of the Berlin airlift? 4. What was the significance of the NATO? 5. What were the consequences and outcome of the Korean War?

2 What does the illustration on p. 896 tell us about the war? 6. Summarize the major episodes of the first Cold War decade. What was the status of the Cold War in 1955 in Europe and elsewhere? WESTERN EUROPE: ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION 1. What were the motives behind the Marshall Plan? What did it accomplish? What role did the European nations themselves play? 2. Discuss the nature of the economies that emerged in Western Europe in the postwar years. How would you assess the record of economic growth in the years that followed? 3. How effectively did the West European states meet social objectives in these years? 4. What led to the growth of welfare state in the postwar years?

3 WESTERN EUROPE: POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION 1. What political problems did Western Europe face in the early postwar years? Describe the European political atmosphere and reforms in this period. 2. In what directions did the Labour party government take British politics? What accounted for the shifting electoral fortunes of the two major parties in the next several decades? 3. Assess the accomplishments and shortcomings of the French Fourth Republic. 4. How did the French Fifth Republic come into existence? Describe the new constitutional arrangements. How did they work out? What role did de Gaulle play in the origins and early years of the new republic? 5. What do you mean by the term denazification?

4 Who carried out the denazification program, which produced mixed results? 6. How was the constitutional and political machinery of the Federal Republic of Germany designed to overcome problems of the past? How successfully did it operate? What role did Adenauer play? How does the illustration on p. 910 show the change in French-German relations? 7. What was the paradox of the Italian Republic? What role did the Christian Democratic party play in Italian political life and in the Italian Communist party? EUROPE AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 1. What was the world economy in the postwar years? How do the illustrations and their captions on pp. 913 and 917 add to our understanding of that economy?

5 How successfully was world trade liberalized? 2. How would you assess the efforts taken to stabilize world currencies? How has the world s monetary system evolved since 1971? 3. What path did West European integration take? Discuss the origins, nature, and accomplishments of the European Economic Community. How did it evolve into the European Community? 4. What changes from the 1960s on challenged America s economic leadership? Did any formal revision of the postwar methods for currency exchanges take place? What did floating currencies mean? COMMUNIST SOCIETIES IN: THE AND EASTERN EUROPE 1. Describe the in the last years of Stalin s rule. What judgments can be made about the Stalin era as a whole?

6 What were the accomplishments and shortcomings of the centrally planned economy of Soviet? 2. Discuss the nature and results of Khrushchev s efforts at reform. Does the photograph on p. 920 accurately reflect his attitude toward the West? What led to his downfall? 3. How had the Soviets come to dominate Eastern Europe? How did they consolidate their control in the early postwar years? What economic changes took place in the East European countries? 4. Discuss the restlessness in the Soviet satellites in the l950s. How did the Soviets react in Poland and in Hungary? How does the illustration on p. 924 reveal the depths of popular emotion in Hungary? 5. What happened to the opposing spheres of influence in eastern and western Europe during the Cold War period?

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