CHAPTER 3 MOBILE COMBUSTION - IGES

1 CHAPTER 3: MOBILE COMBUSTION 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories CHAPTER 3 MOBILE COMBUSTION Volume 2: Energy 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Authors Overview Christina Davies Waldron (USA) Jochen Harnisch (Germany), Oswaldo Lucon (Brazil), R. Scott Mckibbon (Canada), Sharon B. Saile (USA), Fabian Wagner (Germany), and Michael P. Walsh (USA) Off-road transportation Christina Davies Waldron (USA) Jochen Harnisch (Germany), Oswaldo Lucon (Brazil), R. Scott McKibbon (Canada), Sharon Saile (USA), Fabian Wagner (Germany), and Michael Walsh (USA) Railways Christina Davies Waldron (USA) Jochen Harnisch (Germany), Oswaldo Lucon (Brazil), R. Scott McKibbon (Canada), Sharon B. Saile (USA), Fabian Wagner (Germany), and Michael P. Walsh (USA) Water-borne navigation Lourdes Q. Maurice (USA) Leif Hockstad (USA), Niklas H hne (Germany), Jane Hupe (ICAO), David S.

2 Lee (UK), and Kristin Rypdal (Norway) Civil aviation Lourdes Q. Maurice (USA) Leif Hockstad (USA), Niklas H hne (Germany), Jane Hupe (ICAO), David S. Lee (UK), and Kristin Rypdal (Norway) Contributing Authors Road transportation, Off-road transportation and Railways Manmohan Kapshe (India) Water-borne navigation and Civil Aviation Daniel M. Allyn (USA), Maryalice Locke (USA, Stephen Lukachko (USA), and Stylianos Pesmajoglou (UNFCCC) CHAPTER 3: MOBILE COMBUSTION 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Contents 3 MOBILE COMBUSTION Overview .. Road Transportation .. Methodological issues .. Choice of Choice of emission Choice of activity data .. Completeness .. Developing a consistent time series .. Uncertainty assessment .. Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).)

3 Reporting and Reporting tables and worksheets .. Off-road Transportation .. Methodological issues .. Choice of Choice of emission Choice of activity data .. Completeness .. Developing a consistent time series .. Uncertainty assessment .. Activity data Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).. Reporting and Reporting tables and worksheets .. Railways .. Methodological issues .. Choice of Choice of emission Choice of activity data .. Completeness .. Developing a consistent time series .. Uncertainty Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).. Reporting and Reporting tables and worksheets .. Water-borne Navigation .. Volume 2: Energy 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Methodological issues.

4 Choice of Choice of emission Choice of activity data .. Military .. Completeness .. Developing a consistent time series .. Uncertainty Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).. Reporting and Reporting tables and worksheets .. Definitions of specialist terms .. Civil Methodological issues .. Choice of Choice of emission Choice of activity data .. Military aviation .. Completeness .. Developing a consistent time series .. Uncertainty Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).. Reporting and Reporting tables and worksheets .. Definitions of specialist terms .. References .. CHAPTER 3: MOBILE COMBUSTION 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Equations Equation CO2 from road transport .. Equation CO2 from urea-based catalytic converters.

5 Equation Tier 1 emissions of CH4 and Equation Tier 2 emissions of CH4 and Equation Tier 3 emissions of CH4 and Equation Validating fuel consumption .. Equation Tier 1 emissions estimate .. Equation Tier 2 emissions estimate .. Equation Tier 3 emissions estimate .. Equation Emissions from urea-based catalytic Equation General method for emissions from locomotives .. Equation Tier 2 method for CH4 and N2O from locomotives .. Equation Tier 3 example of a method for CH4 and N2O from Equation Weighting of CH4 and N2O emission factors for specific technologies .. Equation Estimating yard locomotive fuel consumption .. Equation Water-borne navigation equation .. Equation (Aviation equation 1).. Equation (Aviation equation 2).. Equation (Aviation equation 3).

6 Equation (Aviation equation 4).. Equation (Aviation equation 5).. Figures Figure Steps in estimating emissions from road transport .. Figure Decision tree for CO2 emissions from fuel COMBUSTION in road vehicles .. Figure Decision tree for CH4 and N2O emissions from road vehicles .. Figure Decision tree for estimating emissions from off-road vehicles .. Figure Decision tree for estimating CO2 emissions from railways .. Figure Decision tree for estimating CH4 and N2O emissions from railways .. Figure Decision tree for emissions from water-borne navigation .. Figure Decision tree for estimating aircraft emissions (applied to each greenhouse gas).. Figure Estimating aircraft emissions with Tier 2 method .. Volume 2: Energy 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Tables Table Detailed sector split for the transport sector.

7 Table Road transport default CO2 emission factors and uncertainty Table Road transport N2O and CH4 default emission factors and uncertainty ranges .. Table N2O and CH4 emission factors for USA gasoline and diesel Table Emission factors for alternative fuel Table Emission factors for European gasoline and diesel vehicles, COPERT IV model .. Table Default emission factors for off-road MOBILE sources and machinery .. Table Default emission factors for the most common fuels used for rail transport .. Table Pollutant weghting factors as functions of engine design parameters for uncontrolled engines(dimensionless).. Table Source category structure .. Table CO2 emission factors .. Table Default water-borne navigation CH4 and N2O emission Table Criteria for defining international or domestic water-borne navigation (applies to each segment of a voyage calling at more than two ports).

8 Table Average fuel consumption per engine type (ships >500 GRT) .. Table Fuel consumption factors, full power .. Table Source Table Data requirements for different Table Correspondence between representative aircraft and other aircraft Table CO2 emission factors .. Table Non-CO2 emission factors .. Table Criteria for defining international or domestic aviation (applies to individual legs of journeys with more than one take-off and landing) .. Table Fuel consumption factors for military aircraft .. Table Fuel consumption per flight hour for military Table LTO emission factors for typical aircraft .. Table NOx emission factors for various aircraft at cruise CHAPTER 3: MOBILE COMBUSTION 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Boxes Box Examples of biofuel use in road transportation.

9 Box Refining emission factors for MOBILE sources in developing countries .. Box Vehicle deterioration (scrappage) curves .. Box Lubricants in MOBILE COMBUSTION .. Box Nonroad emission model (USEPA).. Box Canadian experience with nonroad Box Example of Tier 3 approach .. Volume 2: Energy 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 3 MOBILE COMBUSTION OVERVIEW MOBILE sources produce direct greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the COMBUSTION of various fuel types, as well as several other pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM) and oxides of nitrate (NOx), which cause or contribute to local or regional air pollution.

10 This CHAPTER covers good practice in the development of estimates for the direct greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O. For indirect greenhouse gases and precursor substances CO, NMVOCs, SO2, PM, and NOx, please refer to Volume 1 CHAPTER 7. This CHAPTER does not address non-energy emissions from MOBILE air conditioning, which is covered by the IPPU Volume (Volume 3, CHAPTER 7). Greenhouse gas emissions from MOBILE COMBUSTION are most easily estimated by major transport activity, , road, off-road, air, railways, and water-borne navigation. The source description (Table ) shows the diversity of MOBILE sources and the range of characteristics that affect emission factors. Recent work has updated and strengthened the data. Despite these advances more work is needed to fill in many gaps in knowledge of emissions from certain vehicle types and on the effects of ageing on catalytic control of road vehicle emissions.