Example: barber

CHAPTER 6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

TM 5 - 8 1 4 - 8. CHAPTER 6. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES . 6-1. Preliminary and Primary Waste- further classified as manually or mechanically water TREATMENT PROCESSES cleaned. Coarse screens are used in preliminary TREATMENT , while fine screens are used in lieu of a. Introduction. Preliminary TREATMENT of sedimentation preceding secondary TREATMENT or WASTEWATER generally includes those PROCESSES as a step in advanced WASTEWATER TREATMENT . Fine that remove debris and coarse biodegradable screens as a preliminary or primary TREATMENT are material from the waste stream and/or stabilize more applicable to process or industrial wastes. the WASTEWATER by equalization or chemical addi- TM 5-814-3 provides detailed descriptions of tion. Primary TREATMENT generally refers to a these units and design considerations. sedimentation process ahead of the main system (b) Comminution. A comminutor acts as or secondary TREATMENT .

TM 5-814-8 10 8 4 2 operations. INFLUENT TO PLANT. EFFLUENT FROM EQUALIZATION TIME Figure 6-1. The effect of equalization

Tags:

  Wastewater, Treatment, Chapter, Processes, Equalization, Chapter 6 wastewater treatment processes

Information

Domain:

Source:

Link to this page:

Please notify us if you found a problem with this document:

Other abuse

Transcription of CHAPTER 6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

1 TM 5 - 8 1 4 - 8. CHAPTER 6. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES . 6-1. Preliminary and Primary Waste- further classified as manually or mechanically water TREATMENT PROCESSES cleaned. Coarse screens are used in preliminary TREATMENT , while fine screens are used in lieu of a. Introduction. Preliminary TREATMENT of sedimentation preceding secondary TREATMENT or WASTEWATER generally includes those PROCESSES as a step in advanced WASTEWATER TREATMENT . Fine that remove debris and coarse biodegradable screens as a preliminary or primary TREATMENT are material from the waste stream and/or stabilize more applicable to process or industrial wastes. the WASTEWATER by equalization or chemical addi- TM 5-814-3 provides detailed descriptions of tion. Primary TREATMENT generally refers to a these units and design considerations. sedimentation process ahead of the main system (b) Comminution. A comminutor acts as or secondary TREATMENT .

2 In domestic WASTEWATER both a cutter and a screen. Its purpose is not to TREATMENT , preliminary and primary PROCESSES will remove but to shred (comminute) the solids. remove approximately 25 percent of the organic Solids must be accounted for in subsequent load and virtually all of the nonorganic solids. In sludge handling facilities. Comminutors, like most industrial waste TREATMENT , preliminary or pri- screens, are mounted in a channel and the mary TREATMENT may include flow equalization , WASTEWATER flows through them. The rags and pH adjustment or chemical addition that is ex- other debris are shredded by cutting teeth until tremely important to the overall TREATMENT pro- they can pass through the openings. Some units cess. Table 6-1 liss the typical effluent levels by require specially shaped channels for proper hy- degree of TREATMENT . This section of the manual draulic conditions, resulting in more expensive will discuss the various types of preliminary and construction.

3 TREATMENT . plant design manuals, primary TREATMENT PROCESSES available. textbooks, and manufacturer's bulletins provide b. Preliminary TREATMENT . An important part of detailed information on these units. A bypass any WASTEWATER TREATMENT plant is the equipment channel is required for all comminutors to permit and facilities used to remove items such as rags, maintenance of equipment. grit, sticks, other debris, and foreign objects. (2) Grit removal. Grit represents the heavier These interfere with the operation of the facility inert matter in WASTEWATER which will not decom- and often cause severe problems. Methods of pose in TREATMENT PROCESSES . It is identified with . removing these materials prior to primary and matter having a specific gravity of about , subsequent TREATMENT are part of a pretreatment and design of grit chambers is based on the or preliminary TREATMENT . While a summary dis- removal of all particles of about inch or cussion of the commonly employed unit opera- larger (65 mesh).

4 For some sludge handling pro- tions follows, a more complete description of cesses, it may be necessary to remove, as a design criteria which must be used is contained in minimum, grit of inch or larger (100 mesh). TM 5-814-3. Grit removal, compared to other unit TREATMENT (1) Screening and comminution. Screening PROCESSES , is quite economical and employed to and comminution are preliminary TREATMENT pro- achieve the following results: cesses utilized to protect mechanical equipment in the TREATMENT works, to aid downstream treat- Prevent excessive abrasive wear of equip- ment PROCESSES by intercepting unacceptable sol- ment such as pumps and sludge scrapers. ids, and to alter the physical form of solids so Prevent deposition and subsequent oper- they are acceptable for TREATMENT . Screening or ating problems in channels, pipes, and comminution shall always be used for military basins. domestic wastewaters.

5 Prevent reduction of capacity in sludge (a) Screening. Screening devices remove handling facilities. materials which would damage equipment or Grit removal facilities shall be used for combined interefere with a process or piece of equipment. sewer systems or separate sanitary systems Screening devices have varied applications at which may have excessive inert material. Grit WASTEWATER TREATMENT facilities, but most often removal equipment should be located after bar are employed as a preliminary TREATMENT step. screens and comminutors and ahead of raw sew- Screens are classified as fine or coarse and then age pumps. Sometimes it is not practical to locate 6-1. Table 6-1. Typical effluent levels of principal domestic WASTEWATER characteristics by degree of TREATMENT (mg/L unless noted otherwise). WASTEWATER TREATMENT . Average Advanceda Raw (1) (2) 3 (4) (5) . Parameter WASTEWATER Primary Secondary (l)+(2)+NR b (3)+PR C (4)+SSOR d BOD 300 195 30.

6 E 15 5 1. COD 600 400 150 100 45 12. e Suspended Solids 300 120 30 20 10 1. Amnonia (as N) 25 25 28 3 3 3. Phosphate (as P) 20 18 14 13 2 1. pH (units) 7 6-9 6-9e 6-9 6-9 6-9. e Fecal Coliform 1,000,000 15,000 200 200 200 100. (no. /100 mL). a Reasonable levels but not necessarily minimum for all constituents. b NR = Nitrogen Removal or Conversion C. PR = Phosphorus Removal d SSOR = Suspended Solids and Organics Removal e Environmental Protection Agency, Secondary TREATMENT Information, 40 CFR, Part 133, Federal Register, Monday, 30 April 1973. TM 5-814-8. the grit removal system ahead of the raw sewage ing some of those from military industrial manu- pumps because of the depth of the influent line. facturing PROCESSES as discussed later in this Therefore, it may be required to pump the CHAPTER . equalization reduces fluctuations of the WASTEWATER containing grit. If this mode is se- influent to levels compatible with subsequent lected, pumps capable of handling grit should be biological or physical-chemical PROCESSES .

7 A prop- employed. erly designed facility dampens the wide swings of (a) Horizontal flow grit chambers. This flow, pH, BOD, and other parameters to levels type of grit chamber is designed to allow such that downstream systems operate more WASTEWATER to pass through channels or tanks at efficiently and economically, and can be con- a horizontal velocity of about one foot per second. structed at a reduced capital investment. Proper This velocity will allow grit to settle in the equalization will also minimize system upsets and channel or tank bottom, while keeping the lighter more consistently provide a better quality efflu- organic solids in suspension. Velocity control and ent. A graphical example of how an equalization other design features are covered in TM 5-814-3. facility can stabilize a WASTEWATER having signifi- (b) Detritus tanks. A grit chamber can be cant cyclic pH variations is illustrated in figure designed with a lower velocity to allow organic 6-1.

8 While there are definite primary benefits for matter to settle with the grit. This grit-organic equalization , a facility can also be designed to matter mixture is referred to as detritus and the yield secondary benefits by taking advantage of removal devices are known as detritus tanks. physical, chemical, and biological reactions which When detritus tanks are employed, the organic might occur during retention in the equalization matter is separated from the grit by either gentle basin. For example, supplemental means of aera- aeration or washing the removal detritus to tion are often employed with an equalization re-suspend the organic matter. Several propri- basin to provide: etary systems are available to accomplish this, Better mixing. and the advantage over other types is that the Chemical oxidation of reduced com- configuration of the tank is simple and the pounds. system allows for continuous removal of grit.

9 Some degree of biological oxidation. (c) Aerated grit chambers. As the name Agitation to prevent suspended solids implies, diffused air can be used to separate grit from settling. from other matter. A secondary benefit to the If aeration is not provided, baffles or mechanical aeration method is that is also freshens the mixers must be provided to avoid stratification WASTEWATER prior to further TREATMENT ; quite often and short circuiting in equalization basins. The it is used in conjunction with a preaeration size and shape of an equalization facility will vary facility. The different types of grit removal facili- with the quantity of waste and the patterns of ties employed are described in TM 5-814-3. waste discharge. Basins should be designed to (3) Preaeration. Methods of introducing sup- provide adequate capacity to accommodate the plemental oxygen to the raw WASTEWATER are total volume of periodic variation from the sometimes used in preliminary TREATMENT .

10 This WASTEWATER source (125) (130). process is known as preaeration and the objec- (5) pH control. Similarly to equalization , the tives are to: use of pH control as a preliminary TREATMENT step Improve WASTEWATER treatability. is usually limited to TREATMENT of industrial Provide grease separation, odor control, process wastes. It is necessary to regulate pH. and flocculation. since TREATMENT PROCESSES can be harmed by Promote uniform distribution of sus- excessively acidic or basic wastes. Regulation of pended and floating solids to TREATMENT this parameter may be necessary to meet effluent units. levels specified for secondary TREATMENT . Control Increase BOD removals in primary sedi- of the pH at elevated levels is usually required to mentation. precipitate certain heavy metals and/or alleviate This is generally provided by either separate an odor producing potential. aeration or increased detention time in an aerated (6) Flotation.


Related search queries