Chapter 8 Workbook Answer Key - Council Rock School ...

1 DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIALS tudy GuideKEY CONCEPTDNA wasidentified asthe genetic material through aseriesof IDEA:Griffith findsa transforming principle. Write the results of Griffith s experiments in the boxes mice with R bacteria mice with S bacteria S bacteria and injected them into mice killed S bacteria with R bacteria and injected them into mice Found live S bacteria in the mice s blood Results typeof bacteria caused disease, the S form or the R form? conclusions did Griffith makebased on his experimental results?

2 Unit 3 Resource BookStudy Guide61 McDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin 8 From DNA to ProteinsSTUDY GUIDE, CONTINUEDMAIN IDEA:Avery identifiesDNA asthe transforming and his team isolated Griffith s transforming principle and performed three teststo learn if it was DNA or protein. In the table below, summarize Avery s work by writingthe question he was asking or the results of his s QuestionResultsWhat type of molecule does the transformingprinciple contain?The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in thetransforming principle is similar to the type of enzyme destroys the ability ofthe transforming principle to function?

3 MAIN IDEA:Hershey and Chase confirm that DNA isthe genetic containbut very containsbut the two experiments performed by Hershey and Chase by completing thetable below. Identify what type of radioactive label was used in the bacteriophage andwhether radioactivity was found in the 1 Experiment 2 Vocabulary what a bacteriophage is and describe or sketch its GuideUnit 3 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCHAPTER 8 From DNA to ProteinsCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIALP ower NotesGriffith s experiments:Conclusion:Avery s experiments: Conclusion:Hershey and Chase s experiments: Conclusion.

4 Unit 3 Resource BookPower Notes63 McDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin 8 From DNA to DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIALR einforcementKEY CONCEPTDNA was identified as the genetic material through a series series of experiments helped scientistsrecognize that DNA is the genetic of the earliest was done by Frederick Griffith who was studying two forms of thebacterium that causes pneumonia. The S form was surrounded by a coating that madethem look smooth. The R form did not have a coating, and the colonies looked injected these bacteria into mice and found that only the S type killed the the S bacteria were killed, they did not cause the mice to die.

5 However, whenkilled S bacteria were mixed with live R bacteria, the mice died and Griffith found liveS bacteria in their blood. This led Griffithto conclude that there was a transformingprinciple that could change R bacteria into S Avery, another scientist, developed away to purify this transforming then conducted a series of chemical tests to find out what it was. Many scientiststhought that DNA was too simple of a molecule to be the genetic material and thatproteins, being more complex, were a better candidate. However, Avery made three keydiscoveries about his samples of transforming principle that showed otherwise: DNA was present, not protein.

6 The chemical composition matched that of DNA, not protein. The addition of enzymes that break down DNA made the transforming principleinactive. The addition of enzymes that break down proteins or RNA had no Hershey and Martha Chase carried out the final, conclusive experiments in viruses that infect bacteria and take over bacteria s genetic machineryto make more viruses. They consist of a protein coat surrounding DNA. Hershey andChase grew these viruses in cultures containing radioactively labeled sulfur, a componentof proteins, or phosphorus, a component of DNA.

7 Bacteria were then infected withviruses that either had radioactively labeled sulfur or phosphorous. Hershey and Chasenext separated the viruses from the bacteria with a blender. The bacteria had radioactivephosphorus but no radioactive sulfur. Hershey and Chase concluded that the viruses DNA, but not the protein coat, had entered the was transformed in Griffith s experiment? molecule had entered the bacterium in the Hershey-Chase experiments, sulfur orphosphorus? Which molecule is a major component of DNA?64 ReinforcementUnit 3 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCHAPTER 8 From DNA to ProteinsCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin OF DNAS tudy GuideKEY CONCEPTDNA structure isthesame in all pairing rulesdouble helixMAIN IDEA:DNA iscomposed of four typesof the space below, draw a nucleotide and label its three parts using words and many types of nucleotides are present in DNA?

8 Parts are the same in all nucleotides? Which part is different?MAIN IDEA:Wa tson and Crick developed an accurate model of DNA did Franklin s data reveal about the structure of DNA? did Watson and Crick determine the three-dimensional shape of DNA?Unit 3 Resource BookStudy Guide65 McDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin 8 From DNA to ProteinsSTUDY GUIDE, does DNA base pairing result in a molecule that has a uniform width?MAIN IDEA:Nucleotidesalwayspair in thesame nucleotide pairs with T? with C?In the space below, draw a DNA double helix.

9 Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, thenitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen how the DNA double helix is similar to a spiral do the base pairing rules relate to Chargaff s rules?66 Study GuideUnit 3 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCHAPTER 8 From DNA to ProteinsCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin OF DNAP ower NotesBondingBase pairing rules:Chargaff s of aDNA moleculeNitrogen-containing basesBackboneOverall shape:AGTCTCAGUnit 3 Resource BookPower Notes67 McDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin 8 From DNA to OF DNAR einforcementKEY CONCEPTDNA structure is the same in all is a chain of nucleotides.

10 In DNA, eachnucleotideis made of a phosphate group,a sugar called deoxyribose, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. These four basesare cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A), and guanine (G). Two of the bases, C and T,have a single-ring structure. The other two bases, A and G, have a double-ring scientists had a good understanding of the chemical structure of DNA by the1950s, they did not understand its three-dimensional structure. The contributions ofseveral scientists helped lead to this important discovery. Erwin Chargaff analyzed the DNA from many different organisms and realized thatthe amount of A is equal to the amount of T, and the amount of C is equal to theamount of G.