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CHAPTER Arson and Fire Investigation - Cengage

4. CHAPTER . CHAPTER . 1. 2. Arson and Fire 3. 4. Investigation HAPPY LAND FIRE. 5. Julio Gonzalez and carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is easily 6 Lydia Feliciano had absorbed by blood cells. Victims die quickly. The dated off and on DJ was the last person to escape. In less than 7 for six years. On 10 minutes, 87 people were dead. March 25, 1990, Later that morning, Feliciano went to the AP PHOTO. Feliciano wanted police station to tell her story. She told them 8 to end the relation- about her argument with Gonzalez and about Figure 4-1. Happy Land social club after the fire. ship. They argued his threat. The police were suspicious and went 9 at her workplace, to talk to Gonzalez. The home smelled of gaso- a club in the Bronx called Happy Land.

a vapor. These vapors can ignite. Gasoline’s ignition temperature is 257°C. Once it reaches that temperature, gasoline will burn and continue burning. PYROLYSIS Solid fuels, such as wood, are not flammable. However, vapors given off from the resins in …

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Transcription of CHAPTER Arson and Fire Investigation - Cengage

1 4. CHAPTER . CHAPTER . 1. 2. Arson and Fire 3. 4. Investigation HAPPY LAND FIRE. 5. Julio Gonzalez and carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is easily 6 Lydia Feliciano had absorbed by blood cells. Victims die quickly. The dated off and on DJ was the last person to escape. In less than 7 for six years. On 10 minutes, 87 people were dead. March 25, 1990, Later that morning, Feliciano went to the AP PHOTO. Feliciano wanted police station to tell her story. She told them 8 to end the relation- about her argument with Gonzalez and about Figure 4-1. Happy Land social club after the fire. ship. They argued his threat. The police were suspicious and went 9 at her workplace, to talk to Gonzalez. The home smelled of gaso- a club in the Bronx called Happy Land.

2 When line. Gonzalez put on his gasoline -soaked shoes Gonzales grabbed Feliciano's arm, the club's before leaving with the officers. Almost as 10 bouncers asked Gonzalez to leave. As he was soon as Gonzalez was read his Miranda rights, being removed from the club, he shouted, I'll be he confessed. He stated he started the fire as 11 back, and I'll shut this place down! revenge against his ex-girlfriend who would not As Gonzalez walked away, he found an take him back. Later that day he was arraigned empty gasoline can. He filled it at a nearby on 87 counts of murder. On August 19, 1991, 12 gas station. The entrance to the club was a he was convicted of Arson and one of the larg- hallway that led to a staircase.

3 The bar, the est mass murders in United States history. 13 DJ, and most of the customers were at the top of those stairs. Gonzalez poured the gasoline along the hallway and on the steps. He used 14. two matches to light the gasoline as he walked away. The gas ignited immediately, but the fire 15 was initially contained to the hallway. Feliciano and a club customer noticed almost immedi- ately and escaped. Most of the people in the 16. club were upstairs listening to music. The DJ. noticed the fire and announced it to the crowd. 17 He then dived down the stairs and got out of the building. 18 When the DJ opened the door to get out, the rush of air provided more oxygen for the fire and pushed the fire up the stairs.

4 A fire caused by gas- AP PHOTO. 19 oline on a wooden staircase produces thick black smoke. There were no windows or other ventila- Figure 4-2. The arrest of Julio 20 tion upstairs. One of the gases in the smoke was Gonzalez. 104. 50894_04_ch04_p104-131_rev 104 08/09/10 2:32 PM. Objective By the end of th s is CHAPTER , you wi ll be able to: Define combust ion reactions. Discuss the four factors that are maintain a fire. required to igni te and Explain the cond itions in which fu Examine reason els will burn. s why Arson is di fficult to detect Identify the four . categories of fire . Evaluate the sign ificance of burn Arson investigat patterns discov ion. ered at an Discuss the proper metho serving, and anal ds for detecting, yzing Arson evid collecting, pre- Describe en ce.

5 The psychologica Examine l profile of an ar sonist. the various mot ives for Arson . Vocabula accelerant ry - in fir any mate e invest rial use igation, sustain d to start hydrocarbo a fire; or n - any c are comb the most consisti ompound ustible common ng only liquids carbon of hydro Arson - t gen and he inten illegal tional a oxidation burning nd reaction - o f proper partial the comp combustio ty loss of lete or n reaction of oxyge electron reaction - oxidat n s or gai that inv ion n that rel olves ox ygen and pyrolysis - eases he decompos at and l organic ition of exothermic ight matter b reaction - absence y heat i n the reaction chemical of oxyge that rel n heat of co eases he substrate mbustion at control - - uncontam a simila that is excess h inated, r, but given of eat making c s a mple.

6 Us reaction f in a c ompariso ed for ombustio ns n 50894_04_ch04_p104-131_rev 105 08/09/10 2:32 PM. CHAPTER . I N T ROD U C T I ON. Fire has always fascinated people. Greek philosophers believed fire was one of the four basic elements earth, wind, water, and fire. They thought that 1 everything was made of these four elements. Now we know that fire is a chemical reaction that produces heat, light, and gas. 2. 3 Obj. , , C HEM I S T RY OF F I R E. 4 Fire is a rapid oxidation reaction that involves a combustible material. rial Combustible material is anything that will burn. For a long time, chemists 5 thought that oxidation was the combination of any element with oxygen to form a new substance.

7 For example, carbon (C) and oxygen gas (O2) react to form carbon dioxide (CO2). 6. C + O2 CO2. 7. When oxygen reacts with another ele- ment, that element's electrons shift toward 8 oxygen. This means that oxygen gains an electron while the other element loses an 9 electron. This shift of electrons is not always complete. In other words, sometimes the elements share the electron. Scientists have 10. broadened the modern definition of oxida- tion to include any reaction in which elec- 11 trons move from one substance to another. Therefore, some oxidation reactions do not involve oxygen. An oxidation reaction 12. is the complete or partial loss of electrons or the gain of oxygen. For example, when 13 sodium (Na) reacts with chlorine (Cl2) to form sodium chloride (NaCl), or table salt, 14 sodium loses an electron.

8 In this reaction, sodium is oxidized. 15 2Na + Cl2 2 NaCl IMAGE COPYRIGHT YAZAN MASA, 2010. USED UNDER LICENSE FROM. 16. COMBUSTION. 17 Some oxidation reactions are called combus- tion reactions. Combustion reactions are oxi- 18 dation reactions that involve oxygen and that produce flames (see Figure 4-3). Combustion reactions release energy in the form of heat 19. and light. The excess heat energy is referred to as the heat of combustion. Chemical reac- 20 tions that release heat are called exothermic Figure 4-3. Flames are the light released during combustion. reactions. 106 Arson and Fire Investigation 50894_04_ch04_p104-131_rev 106 08/09/10 2:33 PM. THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON. Four ingredients (see Figure 4-4) are needed to start a fire and to keep it burning: 1.

9 Oxygen. Because oxygen is a major gas in the air, it is usually available. Oxygen is an important ingredient in any combustion reaction. 2. Fuel. The fuel is the material that is burning. If Heat present, the accelerant burns first. In a fire inves- tigation, an accelerant is any material used to Oxygen Fuel start or maintain a fire. Soon, other nearby mate- rials, such as wood or paper, ignite and become fuel for the continuation of the fire. Chain 3. Heat. When a heat source is present, the tem- reaction perature of a substance rises. Different fuels react with oxygen at different temperatures. The temperature at which a fuel will react with oxy- gen, or burn, is called the ignition temperature.

10 At or above the ignition temperature, the fuel will Figure 4-4. The fire tetrahedron is a model used to describe how a fire starts and keeps burning. continue to burn even after the heat source is removed. 4. Chain reaction. The fire itself usually releases enough heat to keep the fire burning. The fire will continue to burn until all of the oxygen or the fuel is used or removed. FLASH POINT AND IGNITION TEMPERATURE. Most accelerants are hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms. gasoline , kerosene, and lighter fluid are hydrocarbons that can be used as accelerants. To react with oxy- gen, most accelerants must be in the gas state. In a gas, the molecules are much further apart than in a liquid.


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