CHAPTER OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHAPTER …

1 *FM 20-3 Field ManualNo. 20-3 HeadquartersDepartment of the ArmyWashington, DC, 30 August 1999 FM 20-3 CAMOUFLAGE,CONCEALMENT, ANDDECOYSTABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACECHAPTER1 BASICSD octrinal ConsiderationsResponsibilitiesPriorities TrainingOther ConsiderationsCHAPTER2 THREATD octrineOrganizationData CollectionSensor SystemsCCD Versus Threat SensorsCHAPTER3 FUNDAMENTALSS ection I PrinciplesAvoiding DetectionIdentifying the ThreatAvoiding Detection by Routine SurveillanceDISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.*This publication supersedes FM 20-3.

2 14 November CountermeasuresEmploying Realistic CCDM inimizing MovementUsing DecoysAvoiding Operational PatternsApplying Recognition FactorsSite SelectionCCD DisciplineSection II Techniques and MaterialsTechniquesTests and EvaluationsNatural ConditionsData SourcesMaterialsCHAPTER4 OFFENSIVE OPERATIONSP reparationsBattleCHAPTER5 OFFENSIVE OPERATIONSP reparationsSurvivability Positions and ObstaclesBattleCHAPTER6 HIGH-VALUE TARGETSS ection I CCD PlanningPlansObjectivePlanning ProcessSection II Fixed InstallationsConceptCommand PostsSupply and Water PointsArmy Aviation SitesSection III Relocatable UnitsMobility and CCDB uilt-In CapabilitiesCHAPTER7 SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTSD esertSnow-Covered AreasUrban TerrainAPPENDIMETRIC CONVERSION CHARTX FOR TACTICAL STANDING OPERATINGPROCEDURESC ontentCommanders' ResponsibilitiesFratricideAPPENDIX REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURESL ightweight Camouflage Screen SystemSupplemental CamouflageVehicle CamouflageTrainingAPPENDIX CAMOFLAGE, CONCEALMENT.

3 ANDDECOYSM aterialsDisciplineDispersalConsideration sEmploymentAPPENDIX CAMOUFLAUGE MATERIALSAPPENDIX GENEVA EMBLEM AND CAMOUFLAGE OFMEDICAL FACILITIESGLOSSARYBIBLIOGRAPHYAUTHORIZAT ION PAGEP refaceThis field manual (FM) is intended to help company-level leaders understand the principles andtechniques of camouflage, concealment, and decoys (CCD). To remain viable, all units mustapply CCD to personnel and equipment. Ignoring a threat's ability to detect friendly operationson the battlefield is shortsighted and dangerous. Friendly units enhance their survivabilitycapabilities if they are well versed in CCD principles and is equal in importance to marksmanship, maneuver, and mission.

4 It is an integral part of asoldier's duty. CCD encompasses individual and unit efforts such as movement, light, and noisediscipline; litter control; dispersal; and deception OPERATIONS . Each soldier's actions mustcontribute to the unit's overall CCD posture to maximize survivability is the goal of a CCD plan. A unit commander must encourage eachsoldier to think of survivability and CCD as synonymous terms. Training soldiers to recognizethis correlation instills a greater appreciation of CCD metric conversion chart is provided in Appendix proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC.

5 Send comments and recommendations onDepartment of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and BlankForms) directly to Commandant, United States Army Engineer School (USAES), ATTN: ATSE-DOT-DD, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri publication implements Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2931, Orders for theCamouflage of the Red Cross and Red Crescent on Land in Tactical this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusivelyto 1 BasicsCCD is the use of materials and techniques to hide, blend, disguise, decoy, or disrupt theappearance of military targets and/or their backgrounds.

6 CCD helps prevent an enemyfrom detecting or identifying friendly troops, equipment, activities, or designed CCD techniques take advantage of the immediate environment andnatural and artificial materials. One of the imperatives of current military doctrine is toconserve friendly strength for decisive action. Such conservation is aided through soundoperations security (OPSEC) and protection from attack. Protection includes all actionsthat make soldiers, equipment, and units difficult to CONSIDERATIONS1-1. CCD degrades the effectiveness of enemy reconnaissance, surveillance, and target-acquisition (RSTA) capabilities.

7 Skilled observers and sophisticated sensors can bedefeated by obscuring telltale signs (signatures) of units on the battlefield. Preventingdetection impairs enemy efforts to assess friendly operational patterns, functions, CCD enhances friendly survivability by reducing an enemy's ability to detect,identify, and engage friendly elements. Survivability encompasses all actions taken toconserve personnel, facilities, and supplies from the effects of enemy weapons andactions. Survivability techniques include using physical measures such as fighting andprotective positions; nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) equipment; and armor.

8 Theseactions include interrelated tactical countermeasures such as dispersion, movementtechniques, OPSEC, communications security (COMSEC), CCD, and smoke OPERATIONS (a form of CCD). Improved survivability from CCD is not restricted to combatoperations. Benefits are also derived by denying an enemy the collection of informationabout friendly forces during Deception helps mask the real intent of primary combat OPERATIONS and aids inachieving surprise. Deception countermeasures can delay effective enemy reaction bydisguising information about friendly intentions, capabilities, objectives, and locations ofvulnerable units and facilities.

9 Conversely, intentionally poor CCD can projectmisleading information about friendly OPERATIONS . Successful tactical deception dependson stringent Smoke and obscurants are effective CCD tools and greatly enhance the effectivenessof other traditionally passive CCD techniques. Smoke and obscurants can changebattlefield dynamics by blocking or degrading the spectral bands used by an enemy'starget-acquisition and weapons systems. More recently developed obscurants are nowable to degrade nonvisual detection systems such as thermal infrared (IR) imagingsystems, selected radar systems, and laser systems.

10 (See FM 3-50 for more informationon planning smoke OPERATIONS .)RESPONSIBILITIES1-5. Each soldier is responsible for camouflaging and concealing himself and hisequipment. Practicing good CCD techniques lessens a soldier's probability of becoming atarget. Additionally, a thorough knowledge of CCD and its guiding principles allows asoldier to easily recognize CCD as employed by an A commander is responsible for CCD of his unit, and noncommissioned officers(NCOs) supervise well-disciplined soldiers in executing CCD. They use establishedstanding operating procedures (SOPs) and battle drills to guide their efforts.