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Chemistry - University of Nairobi Personal Websites

Prepared by Helen Njeri NJENGAA frican Virtual universityUniversit Virtuelle AfricaineUniversidade Virtual Africana Industrial Chemistry African Virtual University NoticeThis document is published under the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (abbreviated cc-by ), Version African Virtual University I. Industrial Chemistry _____3II. Prerequisite Course or Knowledge _____3 III. Time _____3IV. Materials _____4V. Module Rationale _____4VI. Content _____5 Overview _____5 Outline _____5 Graphic Organizer _____7 VII. General Objective(s) _____8 VIII. Specific Learning Activities _____8IX. Pre-assessment _____11X. Compiled List of all Key Concepts (Glossary) _____14XI. Compiled List of Compulsory Readings _____15 XII. Compiled List of Resources _____16 XIII. Compiled List of Useful Links _____17 XIV. Learning Activities _____20XV. Synthesis of the Module _____162 XVI.

Unit I Basic Organic Chemistry Unit II Hydrocarbons Unit III Alkyl halides ... Discuss fermentation theory and its application in ethanol manufacture, the

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Transcription of Chemistry - University of Nairobi Personal Websites

1 Prepared by Helen Njeri NJENGAA frican Virtual universityUniversit Virtuelle AfricaineUniversidade Virtual Africana Industrial Chemistry African Virtual University NoticeThis document is published under the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (abbreviated cc-by ), Version African Virtual University I. Industrial Chemistry _____3II. Prerequisite Course or Knowledge _____3 III. Time _____3IV. Materials _____4V. Module Rationale _____4VI. Content _____5 Overview _____5 Outline _____5 Graphic Organizer _____7 VII. General Objective(s) _____8 VIII. Specific Learning Activities _____8IX. Pre-assessment _____11X. Compiled List of all Key Concepts (Glossary) _____14XI. Compiled List of Compulsory Readings _____15 XII. Compiled List of Resources _____16 XIII. Compiled List of Useful Links _____17 XIV. Learning Activities _____20XV. Synthesis of the Module _____162 XVI.

2 Summative Evaluation _____163 XVII. References _____165 XVIII. Student records _____166 XIX. Main Author of the Module _____166XX. File Structure _____167 Table of ConTenTsAfrican Virtual University I. Industrial ChemistryBy Dr. Helen Njeri Njenga, University of Nairobi and William WanasoloII. Prerequisite Courses or KnowledgeModule 5 Unit I Basic Organic ChemistryUnit II HydrocarbonsUnit III Alkyl halidesUnit IV AminesModule 6 Unit I Alcohols and ethersUnit III Carboxylic acids and their derivativesModule 7 Unit I Benzene and its derivativesUnit III Heterocyclic compoundsModule 9 ThermodynamicsChemical principles of variable constituents III. TimeThis unit will require 120 hours Unit I Introduction to industrial Chemistry and the chemical industry (15 hrs) Unit 2. Unit Operations and Unit Processes (20 hrs) Unit 3. Industrial Inorganic Chemistry I (Extractive Metallurgy) (10 hrs) Unit 4. Industrial Inorganic Chemistry II (Chlor-alkali, Ammonia, Sulphuric Acid, Fertilizer and Cement) (20 hrs) Unit 5.

3 Industrial Organic Chemistry I (Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Po-lymers) (25 hrs) Unit 6. Industrial Organic Chemistry II ( fermentation , Ethanol, Pharmaceu-ticals, Soaps and Detergents) (25 hrs) African Virtual University IV. MaterialsYou will require the following tools and resources for completing the module:Computer, CD-ROM, and e-library To access this module, exams and other relevant material To access other suggested reference materials For interactive discussions/chat sessionsRecommended textbooks and reference materials To assist learning and further understanding of topics in the moduleV. Module RationaleIndustrial Chemistry deals with commercial production of chemicals and related products from natural raw materials and their derivatives. It enables humanity to experience the benefits of Chemistry when we apply it in the exploitation of materials and energy. When we apply Chemistry in the transformation of materials and energy to make useable products, this results in growth and improvement in areas such as food production, health and hygiene, shelter and clothing.

4 The economic growth of industrialized countries relies on the manufacturing industry for finished products. The goal of studying industrial Chemistry at University is to try and bridge the gap between classical Chemistry and Chemistry is applied in industry. The chemical industry is highly globalized and produces thousands of chemicals from a wide variety of raw materials by means of varied technologies for varied end uses. It is therefore important to base the study of industrial Chemistry on an understanding of the structure of the industry and the unit operations and unit processes that make up the chemical pro-cesses. On the basis of natural raw materials sources and the Chemistry involved, we find it easier to study industrial inorganic and industrial organic Chemistry separately, Through the electrolysis of brine, we obtain chlorine and sodium hydroxide both of which are important reactants in organic synthesis of products such as petrochemicals and detergents respectively.

5 By fixing nitrogen, we obtain ammonia, from which we can make fertilizers. From sulphur, we get sulphuric acid, which we use, in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. Mineral ores as well as being raw materials for basic chemicals are the source of pure metals, which we use elsewhere in building and construction, manufacture of equipment, machines and jewellery. Turning now to organic chemical industry, we use petroleum as the source of petrochemicals and synthetic polymers. fermentation enables us to convert natural organic materials into chemicals, some like penicillin being pharmaceutical ingredients. From natural oils and fats, we obtain soaps and detergents. African Virtual University VI. OverviewThis module starts by defining industrial Chemistry and then gives a view of the chemical industry, its position in the general economy, and its classification in terms of the chemical processes that characterize it. To enable the study of selected chemi-cal processes, unit operations and unit processes, especially those that are relevant in later learning actvities, are then covered in Unit 2.

6 With this background, it will be easy to study industrial inorganic and organic chemical industries. The study of extractive metallurgy in Unit 3 draws on the knowledge of size reduction and sepa-ration unit operations learnt earlier, as well as chemical conversions that take place during pyroprocessing. The extractive metallugy of iron, copper and aluminium is included. In Unit 4, we focus our attention on some basic inorganic industrial proces-ses that synthesize products from a variety of raw materials derived from the natural environment. They include manufacture of chlorine and sodium hydroxide from brine, ammonia from methane and nitrogen, sulphuric acid from sulphur, fertilizer and cement from mineral ores. The study of organic industrial Chemistry then starts with petroleum refining followed by the manufacture of selected petrochemicals and polymers. The module closes with the study of ethanol, pharmaceuticals, soaps and detergents.

7 These are high value-added products, some of which are produced through the fermentation route. OutlineUnit 1: Introduction to Industrial Chemistry (15 hours) Introduction to industrial Chemistry Classification of the chemical industry Raw materials for the chemical industry Unit operations and unit processes that make up chemical processes Flow diagrams Material and energy balances Unit 2: Unit operations and unit processes (20 Hours) Size reduction and size enlargement Magnetic and electrostatic separation Froth flotation Fractional distillation Unit processesAfrican Virtual University Unit 3: Inorganic Industrial Chemical Industries Part I: Extractive metallurgy (10 Hours) Mineral ores Ore dressing Pyroprocessing Refining Extractive metallurgy of iron Extractive metallurgy of aluminium Extractive metallurgy of copperUnit 4 : Inorganic Chemical industries Part II: Chlor-alkali, Ammonia, Sulphuric Acid, Fertilizer, Cement (25 hours) Sodium hydroxide and Chlorine Ammonia Sulphuric acid Fertilizer Cement Unit 5: Organic Chemical IndustriesI : Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Polymers (25 hours) Petroleum processing Petrochemicals Polymers Unit 6.

8 Organic Chemical Industries II fermentation , Ethanol, Pharmaceuticals, Soaps and Detergents (25 hours) fermentation Ethanol Pharmaceuticals Soaps and detergentsAfrican Virtual University Graphic Organizer 6 Industrial Chemistry General Industrial Chemistry Industrial Inorganic Chemistry Industrial Organic Chemistry Introduction to industrialchemistryand chemical industry Unit operations and unitprocesses Extractive metallurgy Chlor-alkali, ammonia, sulphuric acid, fertilizer, cementPetroleum, petrochemicals and polymers fermentation , ethanol, pharmaceuticals, soaps and detergents African Virtual University VII. General objective(s)At the end of this module you should be able to:i. Classify the chemical industry in terms of products, raw materials, scale and types of Describe the operation principles of selected unit operations and unit Describe metal extraction in general and the extractive metallurgy of iron, aluminium and copper in Discuss with the help of relevant flow diagrams, equations, operating condi-tions and equipment principles, the manufacture of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sulphuric acid, fertilizer and Explain using flow diagrams and equations, how crude oil is refined, and how some petrochemicals and polymers are Discuss fermentation theory and its application in ethanol manufacture, the production of some pharmaceuticals, soaps and specific learning objectives (Instructional objectives)Unit 1: Introduction to Industrial Chemistry and the Chemical IndustryAt the end of this unit, you should be able to:a.

9 Distinguish between classical and industrial chemistryb. Classify the chemical industry in terms of scale, raw materials, end use and value additionc. Distinguish between unit operations and unit processesd. Describe chemical processes by means of flow diagramse. Carry out material balances for a simple processUnit 2: Unit Operations and Unit ProcessesAt the end of this unit you should be able to: a. List the various reasons for undertaking size reduction and enlargement in the chemical industryb. Describe the operation principles of some size reduction equipment and size enlargement equipmentAfrican Virtual University c. Explain how industrial materials can be separated on the basis of their ma-gnetic, electrostatic, hydrophobic and volatility differences respectivelyd. Discuss various organic unit processes including polymerization, alkylation, hydrolysis and their application in the chemical 3: Inorganic Chemical Industries Part I: Extractive MetallurgyAt the end of this unit you should be able to:a.

10 Describe the various stages mineral ores go through in a typical mineral ore dressing Write equations to describe calcination and roastingc. Explain what happens during smelting d. Describe the extractive metallurgy of irone. Describe the extractive metallurgy of aluminiumf. Describe the extractive metallurgy of copperUnit 4: Inorganic chemical Industries Part II: Chlor-alkali, Ammonia, Sulphuric Acid, Fertilizer, Cement At the end of this unit you should be able toa. Describe using equations and diagrams, the electrolytic process for the production of sodium hydroxide and chlorine using mercury, diaphram and membrane cellsb. Explain how ammonia is manufactured from methane and air by the Haber processc. Describe the Contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acidd. Discuss the various types of fertlizers and the manufacture of phosphate fertilizere. Describe using diagrams, equations and unit operations, for the manufacture of Portland 5: Organic Chemical Industries Part I: Petroleum, Petrochemicals and PolymersAt the end of this unit you should be able to:a.


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