中国梦，航天梦 China Dream, Space Dream

1 China Dream , Space Dream China s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors.

2 Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of economic relations and their implications for security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report.

3 CONTENTS Acronyms .. i Executive Summary .. iii Introduction .. 1 Sources ..2 China s Space Policy ..2 China s Grand Strategy ..3 The Pursuit of Comprehensive National Power and China s Grand Strategy ..5 China s Space Strategy ..7 Space Power s Contribution to China s Comprehensive National Power .. 7 The Role of Space in China s Military ..7 National Military Strategy .. 9 Chinese Military Concept of Operations .. 10 Striking Centers of Gravity and Assassin s Mace Weapons .. 11 Space Warfare .. 12 Space -based C4 ISR.

4 14 Counterspace Capabilities .. 15 Manned Platforms .. 17 Co-orbital Counterspace Technologies .. 18 China s View on Outer Space Weapons and Arms Control .. 19 Economic and Commercial Benefits .. 19 Market Creation and Spin-off Technologies .. 20 Satellite Application Technologies .. 21 Commercial Launch Services and Satellite Exports .. 21 Satellite Exports .. 22 China s Satellite Exports in Detail .. 22 Launch Services .. 23 Political Benefits and Cooperative Activities .. 24 Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization.

5 24 25 Russia .. 27 Ukraine .. 28 Europe .. 28 France .. 32 United Kingdom .. 33 34 Venezuela .. 34 United States .. 35 China s Space Technologies .. 41 China s Space Projects in Detail .. 45 Human Spaceflight .. 45 Shenzhou Space 46 Tiangong-1 Space 47 Long-term Space Station .. 48 Shenzhou Missions in Detail .. 48 Lunar Exploration Program .. 53 Manned Lunar Missions .. 60 Mars Exploration Project .. 62 Earth remote sensing .. 62 Satellite Navigation .. 71 Communication Satellites .. 74 Tianlian .. 74 Other Satellites.

6 76 Launch 78 New Generation of Launch Vehicles .. 81 Counterspace Technologies .. 86 Organization .. 93 Creation of an Executive Agent for Space and a Military Space Force .. 94 Space Organizations in Detail .. 96 Implications for the United States .. 106 National Security Implications .. 107 Economic Implications .. 112 Diplomatic Implications .. 114 Conclusion .. 115 Appendix A: Chinese Operational Satellites in Orbit .. 117 Appendix B: Operational Satellites in Orbit .. 121 i ACRONYMS A2/AD Antiaccess/area denial APAS Androgynous Peripheral Attach System APSCO Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization ASAT Anti-satellite ASB Air-sea battle ASBM Antiship Ballistic Missile ASLV Aerospace Solid Propellant Launch Vehicle Company C4 ISR Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance.

7 And reconnaissance CALT China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology CAS Chinese Academy of Sciences CASC China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation CASIC China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation CAST Chinese Academy of Space Technology CBERS China -Brazil Earth remote sensing Satellite CCD Charge-coupled device CCP Chinese Communist Party CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CFOSAT China -France Oceanography SATellite CGWIC China Great Wall Industry Corporation CMC Central Military Commission CNP Comprehensive national power CMSA China Manned Space Agency CNSA China National Space Agency CRESDA Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application DORIS Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite EO Electrooptical EOS Earth Observation System ESA European Space Agency EUMETSAT European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites EVA Extravehicular activity FAA Federal Aviation Administration FYP Five-Year Plans GAD General Armament Department GEO Geosynchronous

8 Earth orbit GEO Group on Earth Observations GF Gaofen GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GPS Global Positioning Systems GSD General Staff Department GTO Geosynchronous transfer orbit IADC Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee IRMSS Infrared multispectral scanner ii ISR Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory LEO Low Earth orbit MEO Medium Earth orbit MLP Medium and Long-term Plan for Science and Technology Development MOST Ministry of Science and Technology NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOSS Naval Ocean Surveillance System NPOESS National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System NDRC National Development and Reform Commission NSOAS National Satellite Ocean Application Service NSRCC National

9 remote sensing Center of China PGM Precision guided munitions PLA People s Liberation Army PLAAF People s Liberation Army Air Force PRC People s Republic of China RADI Institute of remote sensing and Digital Earth RDSS Radio determination satellite service RF Radio frequency SASMAC Satellite Surveying and Mapping Application Center SAR synthetic aperture radar SASTIND State Administration for Science, Technology, and National Defense SBIRS Space -based Infrared System SSO Sun synchronous orbit SVOM Space Variable Objects Monitor TDRS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite TT&C Telemetry, tracking, and control VISR Visible and infrared scanning radiometer WFI Wide field imager iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY China s position in the world has been evolving.

10 It seeks increased influence and independence from foreign powers with the ultimate goal of preserving China s sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity, and political system. Over the long term, China seeks to transform the international system to better suit its interests, but seeks to integrate itself into the existing international system over the short term with the goal of reshaping the Asia-Pacific political environment into one in which its interests must be given greater attention. China s pursuit of Space power is intended to support this strategy.