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Chinese-origin H7N9 avian influenza spread in …

February 2018. FAO/Ki Jung Min ANIMAL HEALTH RISK ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT No. 4. Chinese-origin H7N9 avian influenza . spread IN POULTRY AND HUMAN EXPOSURE. Qualitative risk assessment update The current risk assessment concerns Chinese-origin H7N9 avian influenza , both low and highly pathogenic strains and covers the period January to May 2018. The document only presents new information available since the last risk assessment published in July 2017. SUMMARY - Moderate with medium uncertainty through informal The likelihood of the Chinese-origin H7N9 virus spreading 1 trade in Viet Nam and Myanmar, but negligible via from affected areas to other areas of China during the period formal trade, given there are trade bans in place. January to May 2018 through: - Low with medium uncertainty for other countries of t Formal or informal live bird trade can be considered as South-east Asia ( Thailand and Cambodia) through moderate for juvenile and adult chickens and low for day- informal or formal trade, depending on measures in old chicks and other poultry (ducks, geese, quail), both place.

Chinese-origin H7N9 avian influenza spread in poultry and human exposure ASSESSMENT NO. 4 3 FIGURE 1. H7N9 low and highly …

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1 February 2018. FAO/Ki Jung Min ANIMAL HEALTH RISK ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT No. 4. Chinese-origin H7N9 avian influenza . spread IN POULTRY AND HUMAN EXPOSURE. Qualitative risk assessment update The current risk assessment concerns Chinese-origin H7N9 avian influenza , both low and highly pathogenic strains and covers the period January to May 2018. The document only presents new information available since the last risk assessment published in July 2017. SUMMARY - Moderate with medium uncertainty through informal The likelihood of the Chinese-origin H7N9 virus spreading 1 trade in Viet Nam and Myanmar, but negligible via from affected areas to other areas of China during the period formal trade, given there are trade bans in place. January to May 2018 through: - Low with medium uncertainty for other countries of t Formal or informal live bird trade can be considered as South-east Asia ( Thailand and Cambodia) through moderate for juvenile and adult chickens and low for day- informal or formal trade, depending on measures in old chicks and other poultry (ducks, geese, quail), both place.

2 With medium uncertainty. - Negligible for countries of South Asia ( Nepal and t Formal or informal trade in poultry products can be India). considered as low for frozen chicken carcasses or meat and t Trade in poultry products can be considered as low with feathers and negligible for eggs, both with low uncertainty. medium uncertainty, regardless of virus survival in those t Fomites can be considered as moderate with medium products. uncertainty, depending on the awareness of farm visitors t Fomites can be considered as: and travellers, cleaning and disinfection standards as well Moderate with medium uncertainty for Viet Nam, the as biosecurity measures in place. Lao People's Democratic Republic and Myanmar due to t Movements of wild birds (migratory or nomadic2) can be informal trade with China.

3 Considered as negligible with medium uncertainty. Negligible with medium uncertainty for other countries The likelihood of the Chinese-origin H7N9 virus spreading from of South and South-east Asia ( India, Cambodia and known affected areas of China to unaffected countries of South3 Indonesia). and South-east4 Asia from January to May 2018 through: t Movements of migratory or nomadic wild birds from t Live bird trade can be considered as: January to May 2018 can be considered as negligible with - Moderate with medium uncertainty for the Lao People's low uncertainty. Democratic Republic through informal or formal trade, The likelihood of the Chinese-origin H7N9 virus spreading depending on measures in place. from known affected areas of China to unaffected countries 1 3.

4 The likelihood of spread , risk questions 1, 2 and 3, is assessed on the basis of Mainland South Asia comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the likelihood of introduction or reintroduction of the pathogen into an area Nepal and Pakistan. Maritime South Asia comprises Maldives and Sri 4. or country and the likelihood of that pathogen encountering poultry in the Mainland South-east Asia comprises Cambodia, the Lao People's Democratic production system of an area or country (exposure). Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam and West Malaysia. Maritime South- 2. Nomadic birds are species with no fixed territory that move according to east Asia comprises Brunei, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling Islands), East weather and food availability. Malaysia, East Timor, Indonesia, the Philippines and Singapore.

5 1. ANIMAL HEALTH RISK ANALYSIS Chinese-origin H7N9 avian influenza spread in poultry and human exposure beyond South and South-east Asia from January to May birds are sent to market. Although opportunities for human 2018 through: exposure remain, the number of human cases is expected to t Global trade in poultry and related products, and travellers be much lower for January to May 2018 than in corresponding is still considered to be negligible with low uncertainty, periods of previous years due to a decreased proportion of although the virus may occasionally be found in smuggled infectious birds and lower environmental contamination levels poultry meat. in LBMs. t Migratory wild bird movements is still considered FAO commends the Ministry of Agriculture of China (MoA).

6 Negligible with medium uncertainty for Japan, Mongolia, and the poultry industry for implementing the vaccination the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation and programme as an important measure to safeguard human negligible with low uncertainty for other countries. health and promote safer poultry trade. By achieving very high The likelihood of a human being exposed5 to the Chinese- coverage nationwide with a well-matched vaccine, it is expected origin influenza A(H7N9) virus through contact with live that shedding of virus and contamination levels in markets birds or live bird market (LBM) visits within affected areas of will decrease. Findings so far, including the small number of China from January to May 2018 is currently considered as: positive findings in markets and human cases during this wave, t Moderate with medium uncertainty during the high-risk suggest this has occurred.

7 FAO also acknowledges the efforts influenza season where there is usually a higher activity of the millions of poultry producers who are complying with of the H7N9 virus, lower temperatures that favour virus this initiative and contributing to the programme. The H7N9. survival in the environment and the local festivals, in virus will not be eliminated at least in the short term, as we particular the Lunar New Year;6 have also seen for H5 HPAI viruses. Vaccination will reduce the t However, the likelihood is expected to decrease and prevalence of infection in poultry and human disease. But it is become low to moderate, with moderate for occupational important to recognize the scientific evidence that the virus is exposure and medium uncertainty towards the end of the still present in affected areas of China.

8 Some trade in infected influenza season in the northern hemisphere (the end of poultry will continue, exposing humans to it, especially during April 2018) when temperatures rise. the high-risk season around the Lunar New Year. The likelihood of human exposure depends, among other Therefore we need to continue reminding all those involved factors, on the extent of infection in farms and whether infected in poultry-keeping, marketing, butchering etc., to maintain their efforts to improve biosecurity practices and personal protection 5. This risk question addresses the likelihood of a person being exposed to the measures. virus. It is important to bear in mind that exposure does not necessarily result FAO also recommends that veterinary and customs services in in human infection or disease.

9 6. In China, Lunar New Year's Day refers to the Chinese New Year and in Viet neighbouring countries remain aware of the potential introduction Nam to the T t Festival. Both took place on 16 February 2018, within the of infected poultry or contaminated poultry products. assessment period. BACKGROUND Even though at this stage it is difficult to assess the China has reported several avian influenza virus strains, mostly effectiveness of the vaccination programme at field-level, belonging to the H5, H7 or H9 subtypes and often causing detections of H7N9 in poultry seem to be decreasing compared outbreaks either in poultry and/or humans. Since its first to previous waves and, as a result of reduced virus circulation, detection in March 2013, almost every administrative region of it appears there are fewer reports of human cases.

10 However, China has reported H7N9 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) festivals at the beginning of 2018 (in particular the Lunar New virus, with around 3 000 positive virological samples collected Year in mid-February) increased demand and movements of live from poultry or LBM environments and more than 1 600 human poultry and poultry-related products, potentially increasing the case reports. The fifth wave from October 2016 to September risk of the virus spreading; since H7N9 is still circulating in some 2017 was the most severe thus far in terms of geographical areas of China. FAO therefore reassessed the risk of the potential spread of the virus and the number of human cases and high- spread of H7N9, both low pathogenic and highly pathogenic mortality poultry outbreaks caused by the highly pathogenic strains, within China and on to other countries in South-east (HP) strain that evolved during this wave.


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