CliffsAP - H0M3

1 CliffsAP .. Biology 3RD EDITION. by Phillip E. Pack CliffsAP .. Biology 3RD EDITION. by Phillip E. Pack About the Author Publisher's Acknowledgments Phillip E. Pack taught AP Biology for eleven years. He is Editorial currently Professor of Biology at Woodbury University in Project Editor: Kelly Dobbs Henthorne Burbank, California. He teaches courses in biology, human Acquisitions Editor: Greg Tubach biology, botany, field botany, environmental studies, and evolution, and co-teaches various interdisciplinary courses, Composition including energy and society (with architecture faculty) Proofreader: Jennifer Stanley and natural history of California and nature writing (with Wiley Publishing, Inc. Composition Services English faculty). Author's Acknowledgments To Mary and Megan CliffsAP Biology, 3rd Edition Note: If you purchased this book without a cover, Published by: you should be aware that this book is stolen property.

2 Wiley Publishing, Inc. It was reported as unsold and destroyed to the 111 River Street publisher, and neither the author nor the publisher has received any payment for this stripped book.. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Copyright 2007 Phillip E. Pack Published by Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. Published simultaneously in Canada Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pack, Phillip E. CliffsAP biology / by Phillip E. Pack. 3rd ed. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-09764-9 (pbk.). ISBN-10: 0-470-09764-7. 1. Biology Examinations Study guides. 2. Universities and colleges United States Entrance examinations Study guides. 3. Advanced placement programs (Education) Study guides. I. Title. II. Title: Cliffs AP biology. III. Title: Cliffs advanced placement biology. IV.

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6 And/or its affiliates. AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support please contact our Customer Care Department within the at 800-762-2974, outside the at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, please visit our web site at Table of Contents Introduction.

7 1. How You Should Use This Book .. 1. What to Bring to the Exam .. 2. Exam Format .. 2. Exam Grading .. 2. What's on the Exam .. 3. Hints for Taking the Multiple-Choice Section .. 4. Hints for Taking the Essay Section .. 4. Must-Know Essay Questions .. 6. Some Final Suggestions .. 7. PART I: SUBJECT AREA REVIEWS WITH SAMPLE. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. Chemistry .. 11. Review .. 11. Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Bonds .. 11. Properties of Water .. 12. Organic Molecules .. 13. Carbohydrates .. 14. Lipids .. 16. Proteins .. 17. Nucleic Acids .. 20. Chemical Reactions in Metabolic Processes .. 22. Sample Questions and Answers .. 25. Cells .. 33. Review .. 33. Structure and Function of the Cell .. 33. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes .. 38. Movement of Substances.

8 38. Sample Questions and Answers .. 40. Cellular Respiration .. 45. Review .. 45. Glycolysis .. 45. The Krebs Cycle .. 45. Oxidative Phosphorylation .. 46. How Many ATP? .. 47. Mitochondria .. 47. Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria .. 48. Two Types of Phosphorylation .. 49. Anaerobic Respiration .. 49. Alcohol Fermentation .. 49. Lactic Acid Fermentation .. 50. Sample Questions and Answers .. 51. Photosynthesis .. 57. Review .. 57. Noncyclic Photophosphorylation .. 57. Cyclic Photophosphorylation .. 59. Calvin Cycle .. 59. Chloroplasts .. 60. Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts .. 60. CliffsAP Biology, 3rd Edition Photorespiration .. 61. C4 Photosynthesis .. 62. CAM Photosynthesis .. 62. Sample Questions and Answers .. 64. Cell Division .. 73. Review .. 73.

9 Mitosis and Cytokinesis .. 74. Meiosis .. 76. Mitosis versus Meiosis .. 78. Genetic Variation .. 80. Regulation of the Cell Cycle .. 80. Sample Questions and Answers .. 82. Heredity .. 89. Review .. 89. Complete Dominance, Monohybrid Cross .. 90. Complete Dominance, Dihybrid Cross .. 92. Test Crosses .. 93. Incomplete Dominance .. 94. Codominance .. 94. Multiple Alleles .. 94. Epistasis .. 95. Pleiotropy .. 95. Polygenic Inheritance .. 95. Linked Genes .. 95. Sex-Linked Inheritance .. 97. X-Inactivation .. 97. Nondisjunction .. 98. Human Genetic Defects .. 98. Sample Questions and Answers .. 99. Molecular Genetics .. 107. Review .. 107. DNA Replication .. 107. Replication of Telomeres .. 109. Protein Synthesis .. 111. Transcription .. 112. mRNA Processing.

10 113. Translation .. 114. Mutations .. 116. DNA Organization .. 116. The Molecular Genetics of Viruses .. 117. The Molecular Genetics of Bacteria .. 117. Regulation of Gene Expression .. 118. Recombinant DNA .. 119. Sample Questions and Answers .. 121. Evolution .. 129. Review .. 129. Evidence for Evolution .. 129. Natural Selection .. 130. Sources of Variation .. 132. Causes of Changes in Allele Frequencies .. 134. Genetic Equilibrium .. 134. Speciation .. 135. Maintaining Reproductive Isolation .. 137. Patterns of Evolution .. 137. iv Macroevolution .. 138. Table of Contents The Origin of Life .. 139. Sample Questions and Answers .. 141. Biological Diversity .. 149. Review .. 149. Domain Archaea .. 150. Domain Bacteria .. 150. Domain Eukarya.