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Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind

8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page iiJay FriedenbergManhattan CollegeGordon SilvermanManhattan CollegeAn Introduction to the Study of 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page iiiCopyright 2006 by Sage Publications, rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form orby any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by anyinformation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from information:Sage Publications, Teller RoadThousand Oaks, California 91320E-mail: Publications Oliver s Yard55 City RoadLondon EC1Y 1 SPUnited KingdomSage Publications India Pvt. , Panchsheel EnclavePost Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 IndiaPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFriedenberg, science : an Introduction to the Study of mind / Jay Friedenberg,Gordon bibliographical references and 1-4129-2568-1 (pbk.)

Evaluating Template Matching Theory 101 Feature Detection Theory 103 Evaluating Feature Detection Theory 103 A Computational Theory of Vision 105 Evaluating the Computational Theory of Pattern Recognition 106 Feature Integration Theory 108 Evaluating Feature Integration Theory 111 Theories of Attention 112 Broadbent’s Filter Model 113

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Transcription of Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind

1 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page iiJay FriedenbergManhattan CollegeGordon SilvermanManhattan CollegeAn Introduction to the Study of 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page iiiCopyright 2006 by Sage Publications, rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form orby any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by anyinformation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from information:Sage Publications, Teller RoadThousand Oaks, California 91320E-mail: Publications Oliver s Yard55 City RoadLondon EC1Y 1 SPUnited KingdomSage Publications India Pvt. , Panchsheel EnclavePost Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 IndiaPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFriedenberg, science : an Introduction to the Study of mind / Jay Friedenberg,Gordon bibliographical references and 1-4129-2568-1 (pbk.)

2 1. Cognitive science Textbooks. I. Silverman, Gordon. II. 2006153 dc222005009522050607080910987654321 Acquiring Editor:Jim Brace-ThompsonAssociate Editor:Margo Beth CrouppenProduction Editor:Sanford RobinsonEditorial Assistant:Karen EhrmannTypesetter:C&M Digitals (P) :Jeanne BusemeyerCover Designer:Janet 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page ivContentsPrefacexvAcknowledgmentsxxiii1 . Introduction : Exploring Inner Space1A Brave New World1 What Is Cognitive Science?2 Representation3 Digital Representations6 Analog Representations7 The Dual-Coding Hypothesis7 Propositional Representations8 Computation9 The Tri-Level Hypothesis10 The Classical and Connectionist Views of Computation12 The Interdisciplinary Perspective12 The Philosophical Approach15 The Psychological Approach16 The Cognitive Approach17 The Neuroscience Approach18 The Network Approach18 The Evolutionary Approach19 The Linguistic Approach20 The Artificial Intelligence Approach20 The Robotics Approach21In Depth: Categories of Mental Representation22 Minds On Exercise: Analogical 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page v2.

3 The Philosophical Approach: Enduring Questions29 What Is Philosophy?29 The Mind-Body Problem30 Flavors of Monism33 Flavors of Dualism34 evaluating the Dualist Perspective 36 Functionalism38 evaluating the Functionalist Perspective40 The Free Will Determinism Debate41 The Issue of Determinism41 The Issue of Free Will43 evaluating the Free Will Determinism Debate44 The Knowledge Acquisition Problem45 evaluating the Knowledge Acquistion Debate47 The Mystery of Consciousness49 The What-It s-Like Argument50 Mind as an Emergent Property52 evaluating the Emergent View of Mind53 Consciousness and Neuroscience54 Consciousness and Artificial Intelligence56 Overall Evaluation of the Philosophical Approach59In Depth: Dennett s Multiple Drafts Theory of Consciousness60 Minds On Exercise: Decision Making633. The Psychological Approach: A Profusion of Theories65 What Is Psychology?65 Psychology and the Scientific Method67 Mental Atoms, Mental Molecules, and a PeriodicTable of the Mind: The Voluntarist Movement68 evaluating the Voluntarist Approach71 Structuralism: What the Mind Is72 evaluating the Structuralist Approach73 Functionalism: What the Mind Does74 evaluating the Functionalist Approach76 The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts:Mental Physics and the Gestalt Movement77 evaluating the Gestalt Approach81 Mini-Minds: Mechanism and Psychoanalytic Psychology82 evaluating the Psychoanalytic Approach84 Mind as a Black Box: The Behaviorist Approach85 evaluating the Behaviorist 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page viOverall Evaluation of the Psychological Approach88In Depth: Insight Learning89 Minds On Exercise: Introspection914.

4 The Cognitive Approach I: History, Vision, and Attention95 Some History First: The Rise of Cognitive Psychology95 The Cognitive Approach: Mind as an Information Processor97 Modularity of Mind98 evaluating the Modular Approach99 Theories of Vision and Pattern Recognition100 Template Matching Theory100 evaluating Template Matching Theory101 feature Detection Theory103 evaluating feature Detection Theory103A Computational Theory of Vision105 evaluating the Computational Theoryof Pattern Recognition106 feature Integration Theory108 evaluating feature Integration Theory111 Theories of Attention112 Broadbent s Filter Model113 evaluating the Filter Model115 Treisman s Attenuation Model115 The Deutsch-Norman Memory Selection Model116 The Multimode Model of Attention116 Kahneman s Capacity Model of Attention117 evaluating the Capacity Model of Attention119 evaluating the Model-Building Approach119In Depth: Biederman s Recognition-by-ComponentsTheory of Pattern Recognition120 Minds On Exercise: Silhouettes and Object Constancy1225.

5 The Cognitive Approach II:Memory, Imagery, and Problem Solving125 Types of Memory125 Sensory Memory126 Working Memory127 Long-Term Memory131 Memory Models133 The Modal Model134 evaluating the Modal 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page viiThe ACT* Model135 evaluating the ACT* Model137 The Working Memory Model137 evaluating the Working Memory Model139 Visual Imagery139 The Kosslyn and Schwartz Theoryof Visual Imagery140 Image Structures141 Image Processes142 evaluating the Kosslyn and Schwartz Theory 146 The Imagery Debate147 Problem Solving149 The General Problem Solver Model153 evaluating the General Problem Solver Model154 The SOAR Model155 evaluating the SOAR Model156 Overall Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach158In Depth: Search in Working Memory159 Minds On Exercise: Memory Effects1616. The Neuroscience Approach: Mind As Brain163 The Neuroscience Perspective163 Methodology in Neuroscience164 Techniques for the Study of Brain Damage164 evaluating Techniques for the Studyof Brain Damage165 Brain Recording Techniques166 Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) 167 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 167 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 168 The Electrical Stimulation Technique169 The Small Picture: Neuron Anatomy and Physiology170 The Big Picture: Brain Anatomy170 Directions in the Nervous System172 The Cortex173 The Split Brain174 The Neuroscience of Visual Object Recognition175 Visual Agnosias176 Apperceptive Agnosia177 Associative Agnosia178 Face 8/22/2005 10.

6 17 AM Page viiiThe Neuroscience of Attention181 Models of Attention185A Component Process Model185 Distributed Network Models186 The Neuroscience of Memory187 Learning and Memory188 The Hippocampal System198 Models of Hippocampal Function190 Neural Substrates of Working Memory192 evaluating the Neuroscience of Working Memory195 Neural Substrates of Long-Term Memories195 The Neuroscience of Executive Function and Problem Solving197 Theories of Executive Function199 Overall Evaluation of the Neuroscience Approach201In Depth: Binding and Neural Synchrony202 Minds On Exercise: Neural Functions2037. Outline: The Network Approach: Mind as a Web207 The Network Perspective207 Principles Underlying Artificial Neural Networks208 Characteristics of Artificial Neural Networks210 Early Conceptions of Neural Networks212 Back Propagation and Convergent Dynamics215 Artificial Neural Network Typologies219 evaluating the Connectionist Approach221 Advantages221 Problems and Disadvantages222 Semantic Networks: Meaning in the Web224 Characteristics of Semantic Networks225A Hierarchical Semantic Network226 evaluating the Hierarchical Model 228 Propositional Semantic Networks 230 evaluating Semantic Networks 231 Overall Evaluation of the Network Approach233In Depth: NETtalk234 Minds On Exercise: Free Association2368.

7 The Evolutionary Approach: Change Over Time239 The Evolutionary View239 Evolutionary Psychology240A Little Background: Selection 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page ixEvolved Psychological Mechanisms244 Evolution and Cognitive Processes247 Categorization247 Memory248 Logical Reasoning250 Judgment Under Uncertainty253 Language256 Sex Differences in Cognition257 Evolutionary Computing261 Artificial Life263 Neural Darwinism265 evaluating Evolutionary Psychology266 Overall Evaluation of the Evolutionary Approach269In Depth: A Stage Theory of Evolution270 Minds On Exercise: Memory for Object Location2729. The Linguistic Approach: Language and Cognitive Science275 The Linguistic Approach: The Importance of Language275 The Nature of Language276 Language Use in Primates278 evaluating Language Use in Primates280 Language Acquisition282 evaluating Language Acquisition284 Language Deprivation284 evaluating Language Deprivation287 Philosophy and Linguistics: The LinguisticRelativity Hypothesis288 evaluating the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis290 Cognition and Linguistics: The Role of Grammar291 evaluating Universal Grammar294 Neuroscience and Linguistics:The Wernicke-Geschwind Model294 evaluating the Wernicke-Geschwind Model297 Artificial Intelligence and Linguistics:Natural Language Processing298 Speech Recognition299 Syntactic Analysis301 Semantic Analysis301 Pragmatic Analysis302 Evaluation of Natural Language Processing303 Overall Evaluation of the Linguistic 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page xIn Depth.

8 The Logogen Model of Word Recognition304 Modern Conceptions of the Lexicon307 Minds On Exercise: Conversational Pragmatics30810. Artificial Intelligence I: Definitional Perspective311 Introduction311 Historical and Philosophical Roots312 The Quest for Mechanical Life 313 Philosophical Origins Man as a Machine315 evaluating Descartes Approach316 Mechanical Computation316 Defining Artificial Intelligence (AI)320 evaluating the Concept of AI322 Strong AI322 Applied AI323 Cognitive Simulation and NaturalLanguage Communication 323AI Methodologies331 The Computer as the Tool of AI Research333 Evaluation of the Computer as a Modelof Brain Organization334 Programming335 Evaluation of Programming Languages336 Alan Turing and the Great Debate336 Evaluation of the Turing Test (TT) andTuring s Detractors341 Battle Lines: The Future of the TT341 The TT as an Operational Definition of AI341 The TT and Behaviorism344Is the TT Too Easy or Too Difficult?344 Overall Evaluation of the AI Concept:Summarizing the Meaning of AI345In Depth: Behaviorism and Ned Block347 evaluating the Block Approach349 Minds On Exercise: Play the IG Game35011.

9 Artificial Intelligence II: Operational Perspective353 Introduction353 The Practical World of Artificial Intelligence354 Goals of Practical Machines354 Approaches to the Design of Intelligent 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page xiMachine Intelligence, Knowledge,and Machine Reasoning357 Machine Representation of Knowledge357 The Cyc Project357 Evaluation of the Cyc Project 359 Objectives of Knowledge Representation359 Characteristics of Knowledge Representation360 Knowledge Representation Technologies362 Predicates362 Semantic Networks364 Frames365 Cases366 Scripts366 Machine Reasoning367 Predicate Calculus367 Logical Reasoning (Deduction, Abduction, Induction)370 Drawing Inferences372 Inductive Reasoning379 Evaluation of Rule-Based Reasoning379 Expert Systems380 Expert Systems in Action380 MYCIN383 Evaluations of Expert Systems384 Fuzzy Logic386 Representation of Information in the Fuzzy World387 Fuzzy Logic Rules389 Fuzzy Advice for Decision-Making or Management390 Evaluation of Fuzzy Logic Systems390 Artificial Neural Nets (ANNs)392 Overall Evaluation of the Operational Perspective393In Depth: The ID3 AlgorithmMinds On Exercise: Decision Making39612.

10 Robotics: The Ultimate Intelligent Agents399 Introduction399 Some Robotic Achievements402 evaluating Robotic Potentials404 Biological and Behavioral Foundations of Robotic Paradigms404 Evaluation of the Lorenz/Tinbergen Approach409 Transferring Behavioral Models to Robotics410 Evaluation of the Biological Basis of 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page xiiFoundations of Robotic Paradigms412 Evaluation of Paradigm Foundations413 Robotic Paradigms414 Hierarchical Paradigm414 Evaluation of the Hierarchical Paradigm415 The Reactive Paradigm416 Evaluation of the Reactive Paradigm419 The Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Paradigm420 Evaluation of Hybrid Architectures423 Overall Evaluation of Robots as Ultimate Intelligent Agents425In Depth: Autonomous Robot Architecture (AuRA)426 Evaluation of AuRA429 Minds On Exercise: Relational Graphs42913. Conclusion: Where We Go From Here433 The Benefits of Cognitive Science433 Working Memory: An Example of anIntegrated Program of Study434 The Philosophical Approach435 The Psychological Approach435 The Cognitive Approach435 The Neuroscience Approach437 The Network Approach437 The Evolutionary Approach438 The Linguistic Approach438 The Artificial Intelligence Approach438 The Robotics Approach439 Issues in Cognitive Science439A General Issue: Lack of a Single Unified Theory439 Specific Issues Facing Cognitive Science440 Emotions441 Consciousness443 Physical Environments444 Social Environments446 Individual and Cultural Differences448 Enhancing Cognitive Science449 evaluating Cognitive Science Theories449 The Role of Integration452 Integration Across Levels of Description452 Integration Across Disciplines453 Integration Across 8/22/2005 10:17 AM Page xiiiThe Future454In Depth: Multiagent Systems455 Minds On Exercise.


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