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Common Spiders of New York

Piders evoke a combination of curiosity and horror in people of all ages. Spiders seeming ability to appear suddenly out of nowhere ontheir fine silk lines can startle anyone. But theirfrightening reputation is largely are fascinatingcreatures! The webs of manyspecies are intricate architectural wonders. They aresuperb predators that capture more prey than all otherterrestrial predators combined. Spiders can be mastersof stealth blendinginto their surroundings or hiding sowell that they are often both insects and Spiders are in the phylumArthropoda, Spiders are in the class Arachnida, whichalso contains scorpions, harvestmen, pseudoscorpionsand ticks. All Spiders (order Araneae) have eight legs,two body segments (cephalothorax and abdomen) sepa-rated by a waist, and unlike the insects, they do nothave chewing mouthparts, antennae or wings. Spiderjaws are called chelicerae, and include hollow fangsthrough which they inject venom to immobilize or killtheir prey on small living invertebrates, such asinsects or other Spiders .

elements. Female cobweb spiders produce light brown, spherical egg sacs that hang in the web. The ven-omous black widow spider with its shiny, black abdomen and red hour-glass design is a cobweb spi-der, but is extremely rare in New York. Crab spiders . Thomisidae . Crab spiders get their name from the way they hold

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  Black, Brown, Widows, Spider, Black widow

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Transcription of Common Spiders of New York

1 Piders evoke a combination of curiosity and horror in people of all ages. Spiders seeming ability to appear suddenly out of nowhere ontheir fine silk lines can startle anyone. But theirfrightening reputation is largely are fascinatingcreatures! The webs of manyspecies are intricate architectural wonders. They aresuperb predators that capture more prey than all otherterrestrial predators combined. Spiders can be mastersof stealth blendinginto their surroundings or hiding sowell that they are often both insects and Spiders are in the phylumArthropoda, Spiders are in the class Arachnida, whichalso contains scorpions, harvestmen, pseudoscorpionsand ticks. All Spiders (order Araneae) have eight legs,two body segments (cephalothorax and abdomen) sepa-rated by a waist, and unlike the insects, they do nothave chewing mouthparts, antennae or wings. Spiderjaws are called chelicerae, and include hollow fangsthrough which they inject venom to immobilize or killtheir prey on small living invertebrates, such asinsects or other Spiders .

2 Unable to swallow solid food, Spiders liquefy their prey externally by regurgitatingdigestive juices onto it. They then crush the prey withtheir chelicerae and suck up the juices. Spiders have apair of jointed appendages (called pedipalps or palps)on either side of the chelicerae that look like short help manipulate the prey during all arthropods, Spiders have a hard exoskeletonwith flexible membranes at the joints so that the legscan bend. To grow larger, they molt, shedding the oldexoskeleton and then sucking in air to inflate the softunderlying skeleton until it hardens at a larger molt up to a dozen times until they becomesexually mature adults. All Spiders produce silk thin, incredibly strong protein strands produced from various glands in theabdomen and extruded through microscopic spigotsarranged on muscular spinnerets, which are located atthe tip of the abdomen. Depending on the gland used,silk has different properties: some is sticky for catchingprey; but most are non-sticky and are used to cover eggsacs, construct parts of webs, wrap prey, or makewaterproof retreats.

3 While not all Spiders use silk tocapture prey, they all use silk to produce draglines, twofine strands that are continuously released whereverthe spider walks. Many small Spiders use these lines todisperse long distances, simply extruding a bit ofdragline into the breeze which carries them mate in a way that is unique in the animalkingdom. When a male becomes sexually mature, theends of his palps develop into swollen structures thatfunction as small, complex syringes. Before courting afemale, the male constructs a small web on which hedeposits a drop of sperm. He then sucks up the sperminto each of his "palp syringes" which are then used toinseminate the female. Mating is a risky business formales as female Spiders of many species attempt tocannibalize males after New York s northern climate, Spiders typically liveonly one year. Most pass the winter as eggs that developinto adults in summer and then die in fall.

4 However,some species overwinter as inactive adults,hiding in crevices under bark, or stones,or in window casements. To avoid thelethal effects of freezing solid, theysecrete antifreeze into their blood. Inspring, they complete their life cycleby mating, laying eggs, and dying. Text by Linda Rayor and Cole Gilbert, Department of Entomology, Cornell University;Supported by the Grace Griswold Fund, Cornell UniversityArtwork by Patricia Kernan, NYS Museum; Layout design by Frank Herec, NYSDECBB llaacckk&yyeelllloowwggaarrddeennspiderA raneidae: Argiope aurantiaOne of the largest, most conspicuous Spiders inNew York, the diurnally active black and yellow garden spider occurs in sunny fields and all orb weavers, its web is an architecturalwonder, designed to greatly extend the spider ssensory system while using a minimal amount ofsilk to trap or slow down flying prey. The web hasseveral parts: non-sticky spokes (radii) and linesthat frame the web provide structural support; thesticky spiral ensnares flying insects; and the broadswaths of white zigzag silk deter birds from flyingthrough it.

5 The web is rebuilt each morning torefresh glue on the spiral. Large prey items arewrapped and immobilized with broad bands ofswathing silk. Sexually dimorphic, adult femalesare hundreds of times larger than the tiny wweebbspidersPisauridaeNursery web Spiders resemble wolf Spiders , but havesmaller eyes and legs that are held more widely to thesides of their body. They get their name from the factthat some species fish for aquatic prey, such as insects, crustaceans, or even small minnows. Standing on thebanks of streams or ponds with their legs lightly touchingthe water, the Spiders feel for vibrations from passingprey and then quickly dive into the water to pursue species of this spider hunt vertically on vegetationor basement walls. Fishing or nursery web spidersbuild a characteristic "nursery" web in vegetation,where they guard their egg sacs and spiderlings.(Pictured above is Dolomedes triton.)SSaaccspidersClubionidae, MiturgidaeSac Spiders are typicallylight colored Spiders with noticeably protruding spin-nerets and dark fangs.

6 They weave small silk sacsunder rocks or loose bark that they use for sleepingretreats and rearing young. Sac Spiders lack capturewebs, and wander in vegetation and occasionally inhomes looking for prey. There are two family groupsof sac Spiders . Two species of small, pale, yellowspiders, called yellow sac Spiders Cheiracanthiummildei(pictured here) and C. inclusum, are the onlyspiders in New York that are moderately poisonousto humans. They have necrotic venom that causesitchy or painful ulcerating sores that are slow toheal. In New York, bites attributed to brown reclusespiders are almost certainly from yellow sac brochure contains 11 species and groups of Spiders that are most commonly encountered in New York. For additional help identifying Spiders , you should purchase a guide at a local bookstore or search the internet for are about 40,000 identified spider speciesworldwide. This can make properly identifying anindividual tricky.

7 By focusing on certain physicaltraits you should be able to narrow down to thegroup. For instance, the shape of the abdomen,relative sturdiness of the legs, or eye patternsare often characteristic of a specific , the presence and shape of a web areimportant clues. Spiders living in webs are builtdifferently than their non-web living relativeswho must support their weight against gravitywhile walking. Knowing a spider s habitat is alsoinformative fishing Spiders live near water, crabspiders hunt in flowers, while cellar Spiders arecommon near ceilings in subscribe, visit or call 1-800-678-6399 Reprinted from the New York State Conservationist, June 2007wwoollffspiderLycosidaeWolf Spiders are named for their tendency to be slightly furry, brown or grey Spiders that run aftertheir prey. They have long sturdy legs and good visionfrom two of their eight enlarged eyes. The abundantwolf Spiders forage on the ground or in the lower partsof plants at night.

8 Female wolf Spiders carry light-col-ored, spherical egg sacs attached to their hatched, the spiderlings cling to hairs on theirmother s abdomen for about a week. When you go outat night, look at the ground in front of you with aflashlight held next to your head at the same level asyour eyes. You can see many silvery blue-green spotsreflecting back at you from the eyes of numerous wolfspiders in the Spiders have extremely long, delicate legs and anarrow, elongated body. They hang upside down in avery loose web of disorganized threads on walls closeto the ceiling of homes. After laying a cluster of abouta dozen eggs, the female wraps it with a few strandsof silk and carries it in her fangs. When threatened,many species rapidly gyrate in the web and becomean almost invisible blur. It is an urban legend thatthese Spiders are extremely oorrbb wweeaavviinnggspidersAraneidaeNocturnall y active, these Spiders build orb webs any-where that night flying insects, such as moths, areactive.

9 Favorite locations are near porch lights orother well-lit areas. Most Araneusare brown , with twobumps on the front of their abdomens. The cross spiderhas a series of white spots on its abdomen in theshape of a cross. The marbled spider , A. marmoreus, is boldly patterned and lives in fields rather thanaround man-made structures. During the day, thesespiders can be found hiding in a retreat made from a curled leaf tied together with silk. The retreat is generally located above the remains of the previousnight s web, connected to it by a silk thread. (Picturedabove is the cross spider , Araneus diadematus.)FFuunnnneell wweebborggrraassssspidersAgelenidae Grass Spiders build sturdy, non-stickysheet webs with a few "knock down" threads on top of vegetation. One corner of the sheet tapers into asilken funnel where the spider waits facing outwardfor insect prey to land on the sheet. Once an insectlands, the spider dashes out on top of the sheet andbites the prey before it can take off again.

10 Grass spidersare about three quarters of an inch long, with brownbodies and long conspicuous spinnerets. They can bespotted on low hedges or evergreen plantings aroundbuildings. (Pictured above is the grass spider or funnelweaver, Agelenopsis sp.)SShheeeett wweebb wweeaavveerrssLinyphiidaeOften overlooked because of their smallsize (less than a quarter inch long), sheet web weaversare among the most abundant Spiders in build fine, non-sticky, sheet webs in webs are composed of a lace-like horizontal webwith "knock down" threads, or many fine, disorganizedvertical strands that are invisible to small flyinginsects, which crash into the threads and fall onto thesheet. The Spiders run upside down on the undersideof their webs and bite prey through the web. Somelocal species may vary the shape of the sheet species, called the "bowl and doily" spider , weavesa cup-shaped web above the horizontal sheet andhangs from the bowl.


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