Communication Systems Engineering (2nd Edition)

1 Proakis-50210proa-fmAugust 9, 200114:2 Communication SYSTEMSENGINEERINGJohn G. ProakisMasoud Salehi2nd Saddle River, New Jersey 07458iProakis-50210proa-fmAugust 9, 200114:2To Felia, George, and Elena. John G. ProakisTo Fariba, Omid, Sina, and my parents. Masoud SalehiLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCIP data available on President and Editorial Director, ECS:Marcia J. HortonPublisher:Tom RobbinsEditorial Assistant:Jody McDonnellVice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM:David W. RiccardiExecutive Managing Editor:Vince O BrienManaging Editor:David A. GeorgeProduction Editor:Chanda WakefieldDirector of Creative Services:Paul BelfantiCreative Director:Carole AnsonArt Director:Jayne ConteArt Editor:Greg DullesManufacturing Manager:Trudy PisciottiManufacturing Buyer:Lynda CastilloMarketing Manager:Holly StarkMarketing Assistant:Karen Moonc 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Saddle River, New JerseyAll rights reserved.

2 No part of this book may be reproduced, in any formor by any means without permission in writing from the in the United States of America10987654321 ISBN 0-13-061793-8 Pearson Education Ltd.,LondonPearson Education Australia Pty. Ltd.,SydneyPearson Education Singapore, Pte. Education North Asia Ltd.,Hong KongPearson Education Canada, Inc.,TorontoPearson Educac on de Mexico, de Education Japan,To k y oPearson Education Malaysia, Pte. 3, 200115 Review of an Electrical Communication system Digital Communication system , Early Work in Digital Communications, Channels and Their Characteristics Models for Communication Channels of the Reading 232 FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALSAND Series Fourier Series for Real Signals: the Trigonometric Fourier Series, Transforms Fourier Transform of Real, Even, and Odd Signals, 35iiiProakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform, Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals, and Energy Energy-Type Signals, Power-Type Signals, of Bandlimited Signals Signals Reading 57 Problems 573 ANALOG SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AND to Modulation Modulation (AM)

3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM, Conventional Amplitude Modulation, Single-Sideband AM, Vestigial-Sideband AM, Implementation of AM Modulators and Demodulators, Signal Multiplexing, Modulation Representation of FM and PM Signals, Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals, Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators, and Television Broadcasting AM Radio Broadcasting, FM Radio Broadcasting, Television Broadcasting, Radio Systems Reading 131 Problems 1314 RANDOM and Random Variables Processes: Basic Concepts Description of Random Processes, Statistical Averages, Stationary Processes, Random Processes and Linear Systems , 174 Proakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115 Processes in the Frequency Domain Power Spectrum of Stochastic Processes, Transmission over LTI Systems , and White Processes Gaussian Processes, White Processes, Processes and Sampling Processes Reading 201 Problems 2025 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG of Noise on Linear-Modulation Systems Effect of Noise on a Baseband system , Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, Effect of Noise on SSB AM, Effect of Noise on Conventional AM, Estimation with a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)

4 , Effect of Additive Noise on Phase Estimation, of Noise on Angle Modulation Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation, Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering, of Analog-Modulation Systems of Transmission Losses and Noise in AnalogCommunication Systems Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources, Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure, Transmission Losses, Repeaters for Signal Transmission, Reading 261 Problems 2616 INFORMATION SOURCES AND SOURCE of Information Measure of Information, Joint and Conditional Entropy, 271 Proakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115 Algorithms The Huffman Source-Coding Algorithm, The Lempel-Ziv Source-Coding Algorithm, Theory Mutual Information, Differential Entropy, Rate-Distortion Function, Scalar Quantization, Vector Quantization, Coding Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM), Delta Modulation ( M)

5 , Techniques Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording Digital Audio in Telephone Transmission Systems , Digital Audio Recording, JPEG Image-Coding Reading 327 Problems 3277 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE ADDITIVE WHITEGAUSSIAN NOISE Representation of Signal Waveforms Amplitude Modulation Signal Waveforms Baseband Signals, Two-dimensional Bandpass Signals Carrier-Phase Modulation, Two-dimensional Bandpass Signals Quadrature AmplitudeModulation, Signal Waveforms Orthogonal Signal Waveforms, Biorthogonal Signal Waveforms, Simplex Signal Waveforms, Binary-Coded Signal Waveforms, 367 Proakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115 Receiver for Digitally Modulated Signals in Additive WhiteGaussian Noise Correlation-Type Demodulator, Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator, The Optimum Detector, Demodulation and Detection of Carrier-Amplitude ModulatedSignals, Demodulation and Detection of Carrier-Phase Modulated Signals, Demodulation and Detection of Quadrature Amplitude ModulatedSignals, Demodulation and Detection of Frequency-Modulated Signals, of Error for Signal Detection in Additive WhiteGaussian Noise of Error for Binary Modulation, of Error forM-ary PAM, of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation, of Error for DPSK, of Error for QAM, of Error forM-ary Orthogonal Signals, of Error forM-ary Biorthogonal Signals, of Error forM-ary Simplex Signals, of Error for Noncoherent Detection of FSK, Comparison of Modulation Methods, Analysis for Wireline and Radio CommunicationChannels Regenerative Repeaters, Link Budget Analysis for Radio Channels.

6 Synchronization Early Late Gate Synchronizers, Minimum Mean-Square-Error Method, Maximum-Likelihood Methods, Spectral Line Methods, Symbol Synchronization for Carrier-Modulated Signals, Reading 452 Problems 4538 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH BANDLIMITEDAWGN Transmission through Bandlimited Channels Digital PAM Transmission through Bandlimited BasebandChannels, Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Bandpass Channels, 480 Proakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115 Power Spectrum of Digitally Modulated Signals The Power Spectrum of the Baseband Signal, The Power Spectrum of a Carrier-Modulated Signal, Design for Bandlimited Channels Design of Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI The Nyquist Criterion, Design of Bandlimited Signals with Controlled ISI Partial ResponseSignals, of Error in Detection of Digital PAM Probability of Error for Detection of Digital PAM with Zero ISI, Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of Data with Controlled ISI, Probability of Error for Detection of Partial Response Signals, Modulated Signals with Memory Modulation Codes and Modulation Signals with Memory, The Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detector, Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection of Partial ResponseSignals, The Power Spectrum of Digital Signals with Memory, Design in the Presence of Channel Distortion Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Known Channel, Channel Equalization, Modulation and OFDM An OFDM system Implemented via the FFT Algorithm, Reading 560 Problems 5619 CHANNEL CAPACITY AND of Communication Channels Capacity Gaussian Channel Capacity.

7 On Communication Transmission of Analog Sources by PCM, for Reliable Communication A Tight Bound on Error Probability of Orthogonal Signals, The Promise of Coding, Block Codes Decoding and Performance of Linear Block Codes, Burst-Error-Correcting-Codes, Codes The Structure of Cyclic Codes, 615 Proakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115 Codes Basic Properties of Convolutional Codes, Optimum Decoding of Convolutional Codes The ViterbiAlgorithm, Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes, Bounds on Error Probability of Convolutional Codes, Codes Based on Combination of Simple Codes Product Codes, Concatenated Codes, Turbo Codes, The BCJR Algorithm, Performance of Turbo Codes, for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels Combined Coding and Modulation, Trellis-Coded Modulation, Applications of Coding Coding for Deep-Space Communications, Coding for Telephone-Line Modems, Coding for Compact Discs, Reading 661 Problems 66110 WIRELESS Transmission on Fading Multipath Channels Channel Models for Time-Variant Multipath Channels, Signal Design for Fading Multipath Channels, Performance of Binary Modulation in Frequency Nonselective RayleighFading Channels, Performance Improvement Through Signal Diversity, Modulation and Demodulation on Frequency Selective Channels The RAKE Demodulator, Multiple Antenna Systems and Space-Time Codes, Carrier-Phase Modulation Continuous-Phase FSK (CPFSK), Continuous-Phase Modulation (CPM)

8 , Spectral Characteristics of CPFSK and CPM Signals, Demodulation and Detection of CPM Signals, Performance of CPM in AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels, Communication Systems Model of a Spread-Spectrum Digital Communication system , Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems , Some Applications of DS Spread-Spectrum Signals, 742 Proakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115 of Pulsed Interference and Fading, Generation of PN Sequences, Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum, Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems , Cellular Communication Systems The GSM system , CDMA system Based on IS-95, Reading 774 Problems 775 APPENDIX A: THE PROBABILITY OF ERROR FORMULTICHANNEL RECEPTION OF BINARY SIGNALS782 REFERENCES785 INDEX794 Proakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115:53 PrefaceThe objective of this book is to provide an introduction to the basic principles in theanalysis and design of Communication Systems .

9 It is primarily intended for use as a textfor afirst course in communications, either at a senior level or at afirst-year TOPICAL COVERAGEA lthough we have placed a very strong emphasis on digital communications, we haveprovided a review of important mathematical foundational topics and a solid introduc-tion to analog communications. The major topics covered are: A review of frequency domain analysis of signals and Systems , and the charac-terization of random processes (Chapters 2 and 4) An introduction to analog signal transmission and reception (Chapters 3 and 5) An introduction to digital communications (Chapters 6 10)EMPHASIS ON DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONSOur motivation for emphasizing digital communications is due to the technologicaldevelopments that have occurred during the pastfive decades. Today, digital communi-cation Systems are in common use and generally carry the bulk of our daily informationtransmission through a variety of communications media, such as wireline telephonechannels, microwave radio,fiber optic channels, and satellite channels.

10 We are currentlywitnessing an explosive growth in the development of personal Communication systemsxiProakis-50210proa-fmAugust 3, 200115:53xiiPrefaceand ultrahigh speed Communication networks, which are based on digital transmissionof the information, whether it is voice, still images, or video. We anticipate that, in thenear future, we will witness a replacement of the current analog AM and FM radio andtelevision broadcast by digital transmission development of sophisticated, high-speed digital Communication systemshas been accelerated by concurrent developments in inexpensive high speed integratedcircuits (IC) and programmable digital signal processing chips. The developments inMicroelectronic IC fabrication have made possible the implementation of high-speed,high precision A/D converters, of powerful error-correcting coders/decoders, and ofcomplex digital modulation techniques.