Community management of natural resources in …

1 Community management of natural resources in Africa: Impacts, experiences and future directionsIn many parts of Africa, local communities have depended on, and managed, wildlife as a key resource since the Stone Age. Over the last twenty years, this subsistence strategy has evolved into a development strategy that has become increasingly formalised as Community -based natural resource management (CBNRM), combining rural development, local empowerment, and nature conservation. Led by new ideas about the merits of decentralized, collective resource governance regimes, and creative field experiments such as Zimbabwe s CAMPFIRE, these Community -based approaches evolved in a wide range of ecological, political, and social contexts across Africa.

2 This review provides an unprecedented pan-African synthesis of CBNRM, drawing on multiple authors and a wide range of documented experiences from Southern, Eastern, Western and Central Africa. The review discusses the degree to which CBNRM has met poverty alleviation, economic development and nature conservation objectives. In its concluding chapter, the report suggests a way forward for strengthening CBNRM and addressing key challenges in the years views expressed in this study do not necessarily represent those of the institutions resource Issues No. 18 ISBN: 978-1-84369-755-8 ISSN: 1605-1017 Edited by Dilys Roe, Fred Nelson and Chris SandbrookCommunity management of natural resources in AfricaImpacts, experiences and future directionsCommunity management of natural resources in Africa Roe et by Dilys Roe, Fred Nelson and Chris SandbrookCommunity management of natural resources in AfricaImpacts, experiences and future directionsFirst published by the International Institute for Environment and Development (UK)in 2009 Copyright International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)All rights reservedISBN: 978-1-84369-755-8 ISSN.

3 1605-1017A catalogue record of this book is available from the British LibraryCopies of this report can be purchased from Earthprint LtdEmail: the IIED contact the editors please write to:Dilys Roe, Fred Nelson and Chris SandbrookInternational Institute for Environment and Development, 3 Endsleigh Street,London WC1H 0DD, : +44 (0)20 7388 2117 Fax: +44 (0)20 7388 2826 Email: and Citation: Roe D., Nelson, F., Sandbrook, C. (eds.) 2009. Community management of natural resources in Africa: Impacts, experiences and future directions , natural resource Issues No. 18, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, : Eileen Higgins, email: photo: Headline rock-art in the Game Pass Shelter, Kamberg, Drakensberg, South Africa, Kwazulu-Natal, by McPHOTO / Still PicturesPrinted by: Park Communications, UK on 100% recycled paper using vegetable oil based ink ContentsAcronymsAcknowledgementsExecutiv e Summary1.

4 Introduction2. The origins and evolution of Community -based natural resource management in Africa3. Community involvement in natural resources management in Africa regional overviews Introduction: Different understandings of, and approaches to, CBNRM in different regions Central Africa East Africa Southern Africa West Africa Summary 4. What has CBNRM achieved in Africa? The 3Es empowerment, economics, environment Empowerment Economics Environment5 CBNRM as a mechanism for addressing global environmental challenges6. CBNRM in Africa opportunities and challenges7 Where next? A policy road map for CBNRM across AfricaReferencesAnnex 1: The policy and legal framework for CBNRM in AfricaAnnex 2: Formal CBNRM provisions in AfricaAnnex 3.

5 The scale of PAs and communally managed areas in African countriesAnnex referencesiivvii151313152634404955556481 95105121131155167180183 AcronymsAA Authorized AssociationAALS Affirmative Action Loan SchemeACODEP Support to Decentralised Collectives for Participatory DevelopmentACPN-IM L Action Communautaire pour la Protection de la Nature Itombwe MwengaADMADE Administrative management and Design for Game management AreasAfD Agence Fran aise de D veloppementA/R Afforestation / Reforestation AVIGREF Villagers Association for the management of Wildlife ReservesAWF African Wildlife FoundationBINGO Large multi-national conservation and development NGOBMU Beach management UnitsCAFT Coop rative Agro Foresti re de la TrinationaleCAMPFIRE Communal Areas management Programme for Indigenous ResourcesCAR Central African RepublicCARPE Central African Regional Program for the EnvironmentCASS Centre for Applied Social SciencesCBD Convention on Biological DiversityCBFF Congo Basin Forest FundCBFM Community Based Forest ManagementCBFP Congo Basin Forest PartnershipCBNRM Community Based natural resource ManagementCBNRZ Community Based natural resource ZoneCBO Community Based OrganisationCCA Community Conserved Areas CDM Clean Development MechanismCDT Community Development TrustCENAGREF National Centre for Wildlife ManagementCFM Collaborative Forest ManagementCFR Community Forest ReserveCHA

6 Controlled Hunting AreaCI Conservation InternationalCIRAD Centre de coop ration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le d veloppementCOBA Communaut s de BasesCOMIFAC Commission for the Forests of Central AfricaCPA Communal Property AssociationCPAI Community Protected Areas InitiativeCR Communites RuralesCREMA Community resource management AreaDBR Dja Biosphere ReserveDFID Department for International DevelopmentDGCID Direction G n rale de la Coop ration Internationale et D veloppementDPCEP Dja Periphery Community Engagement ProjectDRC Democratic Republic of the CongoECI Environmental Change InstituteECOFAC Conservation et Utilisation Rationnelle des Ecosystemes Forestiers d Afrique CentraleECOPAS Ecosyst mes prot g s en Afrique Soudano-Sah lienne ECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesEEF State department of Water and ForestsEU European UnionFAO Food and Agricultural OrganisationFCFA Central African FrancFFEM Fonds Francais pour l Environnement MondialFRAME natural resource management CommunitiesGCF Gestion Contractualis e des For tsGDP Gross Domestic ProductGDRN Sustainable natural resource ManagementGEF Global Environment FundGELOSE Gestion Locale S curis eGIE Groupement d Int r t EconomiqueGMA Game management AreaGTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft f r Technische Zusammenarbeit HuGo Human Gorilla Conflict Resolution ProgrammeHWC Human Wildlife ConflictICDP

7 Integrated Conservation and Development ProjectIIED International Institute for Environment and DevelopmentIGF International Foundation for the Conservation of WildlifeIMCCZ Itombwe Massif Community Conserved ZoneIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIUCN International Union for ConservationIUCN-ROSA IUCN Regional Office for Southern AfricaKNP Kruger National ParkKWS Kenya Wildlife ServiceLIFE Living in a Finite EnvironmentLIRDP Luangwa Integrated resources Development ProgrammeMA Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentMEA Multilateral Environmental AgreementMEFCPT Ministry of Waters, Forests, Hunting, Fishing, and the EnvironmentMFA Ministry of Foreign AffairsMINEF Ministry of Environment and ForestsMNRT Ministry of natural resources and TourismNACSO Namibia Association of Community Based natural resource management Support OrganisationsNCRC Nature Conservation Research CentreNDP National Development PlanNEF Near East FoundationNEAP National Environmental Action PlanNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNP National ParkNPWS National Parks and Wildlife ServiceNTFP Non-Timber Forest ProductsNRM natural resource ManagementNRMP natural resources management ProjectOECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPA Protected AreaPAC Problem Animal ControlPEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan vPES

8 Payments for Ecosystem ServicesPFM Participatory Forest ManagementPNGT Programme National de Gestion des TerroirsPNGTER Rural Land management and Community Infrastructure Development projectPoW Programme of WorkPROGEPP Projet Gestion des Ecosyst mes P riph riques au Parc National Nouabal -Ndoki RAF Reorganisation Agraire et FonciereRDC Rural District CouncilR CoPriBa La R serve Communautaire des Primates de BakumbuleREDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and DegradationRENGYIT La R serve communautaire Ngira YituROC Republic of CongoSACOLA Sabyinyo Community Lodge AssociationSANP arks South Africa National ParksSASUSG Southern Africa Sustainable Use Specialist GroupSIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation AgencySLG Local management AgencySODEFOR Societe de Developpement des Forets en Cote d IvoireSWAC Sahel and West Africa ClubTANAPA Tanzania National ParksTESFA Tourism in Ethiopia for Sustainable future AlternativesTGLP Tribal Grazing Land PolicyTNRF Tanzania natural resource ForumTZS Tanzania ShillingsUGADEC Union of Associations for Gorilla Conservation and Community Development in eastern DRCUNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUSA United States of America USAID United States Agency for

9 International DevelopmentUWA Uganda Wildlife AuthorityVLFR Village Land Forest ReservesWCRS Wildlife Conservation Revolving FundWCS Wildlife Conservation SocietyWDPA World Database on Protected Areas WILD Wildlife Integration for Livelihood DiversificationWMA Wildlife management AreaWRI World resources InstituteWWF World Wildlife FundSARPO Southern Africa Regional Programme OfficeZAWA Zambian Wildlife AuthorityZCV Zones Cyn g tiques VillageoisesZICGC Zones d Int r t Cyn g tique Gestion CommunautaireZOVIC Zones Villageoise d Int r t Cyn g tiquevAcknowledgementsProduction of this report was a highly collaborative effort and a great many acknowledgements are due. The report was commissioned and funded by the French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Directorate General for International Cooperation and Development), the French Global Environment Facility through the Bio-Hub project, and the French Development Agency.

10 Additional financial support was provided by IIED s Poverty and Conservation Learning Group initiative. CIRAD provided in-kind support through the contributions of Aur lie Binot to the West and Central Africa reviews and to the French report was compiled by Dilys Roe (IIED), Fred Nelson (Maliasili Initiatives) and Chris Sandbrook (IIED/University of Cambridge) and is based on material collected through a series of desk-based reviews conducted by: Central