Transcription of Compromised Data - orca.cardiff.ac.uk
1 CompromisedDataFromSocialMediatoBigDataE ditedbyGanaeleLanglois,JoannaReddenandGr egElmerBloomsburyAcademicAnimprintofBloo msburyPublishingIncB100 MSBURYNEWVURK LONJ)ON NEWI)ELHI :16:14PM2 datarush isbeingcomparedtothegoldrushandtheoilboo mascompaniesandgovernmentsspendbillionst ocollectandanalyzedata(Hamm2013).Utopian claimsabound:bigdataissaidtoprovidetheme ansforgovernmentstoimprovedecisionmaking ,increaseproductivity,savemoney,becomemo reefficient,improvehealthcare,reducefrau d,getpeopletoworksooner,providemoreperso nalizedservices,preventcrises,andhelpsoc ietyaddressarangeofsocialandenvironmenta lproblems, ,itissaidthatbigdatawillmakeusricher,hea lthier,safer,morecivicallyengaged,improv egovernmentservices,andleadtogreaterprod uctivity( ;Yiu2012;Armah2013;Microsoft2013; rechAmericaFoundation2012).
2 16and33billion(Ylu2012),thatitcouldhelpt heEUsavebetween 150and300billionayear,andhelptheUSsave$3 00bffiioninhealth-carecosts( ).Todatecriticalliteraturequestioningthe politicalandsocialimpactofbigdataislimit ed(Crawford,Milner,andGray2014;Hellesand Jensen2013;Gitelman2013).Recentrevelatio nsabouttheUSNationalSecurityAgency sPRISM surveillanceprogramhavedrawncritiquetova riousgovernments useofbigdataasrelatedtoprivacy,rights,sp ying,andsecurity( ;Deibert2014). :16:16PM18 CompromisedDatainformdecisionmakingandpo licydevelopment(Cook2014; ;Bhushan2014;MargettsandSutcliffe2013).
3 IntheUnitedKingdom,theNewLabourgovernmen toversawthedevelopmentofdevicestoconnect dataacrossservicesanddepartments(Ruppert 2012).Morerecently,bigdataisbeingtiedtoa usteritymeasuresasthecoalitiongovernment investigateshowdatacanbeemployedtoreduce ,target,andintegrateprogramsandservices. ,education,andhealthcare( ).LikeotherG8countries, , :HowarethedepartmentsintheGovernmentofCa nadamakinguseofdataanalytics?Howisbigdat ainforminggovernmentdecisionmakingnow?Ho wmightbigdatainformgovernmentdecisionmak inginthefuture?Researchfindings,Iargue,r aiseimportantquestionsaboutbgdataandthec omputationalizationofpolicymaking,therol eofstrategicignorance, , ,interviewrequestshadbeensenttorepresent ativesfromeighteenfederaldepartmentsandt hreefederalagencies.
4 :16 ,fiveinterviewshavebeenconducted, , , ChecksandControls:ReinforcingPrivacyProt ectionandOversightfortheCanadianIntellig enceCommunityinanEraofCyber-Surveillance and TheAgeofPredictiveAnalysis:FromPatternst oPredictions: andareportbytheStandingCommitteeonAccess toInformation,PrivacyandEthicsentitled PrivacyandSocialMediaintheAgeofBigData (Dusseault2013).Asemistructuredinterview formatwasselectedasthebestmethodforresea rchasthisfluidapproachabandonsafocusonst andardizationandcompletecontrol,andinste adpromotesopen-endeddialogue( ). ,questionsaredesignedtodrawouthowdataana lysisandtoolsshapeworkingpractices,decis ionmaking, ,Davis(2007)andHerbst(1998) ,thegoalistoinductivelybuild groundedtheory byengagingcontinuallyandreflexivelyindat acollection,initialinterviewanalysis,and theorizing(StraussandCorbin1990).
5 Theoriesaredevelopedincrementallyasinter viewsarecontinuallytranscribed,analyzed, ,certainfindingsthroughoutthecourseofthe study becomesolidifiedandothersfallbythewaysid e (Herbst1998,194). , , ,suchashowresearchquestionsaregenerated, whodoestheanalysis, ,challenges, , ,PublicPolicy2014 ExpertConsultantB2014 TashaTruant,ConsultantManager, :whatishappeninginthefederalgovernmentno w,perceivedbenefitsofbigdataanalysis,con cernsandlimitations,bigdataliteracy,bigd ataversustraditionalmethods,thefutureofp olicydevelopment, ,challenges, , :16:16 PMBigDataasSystemofKnowledge.
6 InvestigatingCanadianGovernance21 FindingsThefederalgovernmentdoesnotatthi spointintimehaveanydocumentsthatprovidea noverviewofhowbigdataisbeingusedacrossgo vernment(ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident20 12). BigDataandCanadianGovernance , ,velocity, ,fromsensors,fromtransactions, , ,includingstructurednumericdata,andunstr ucturedformatsliketexts,video,audio, ,SAS,abusinessanalyticscompany, ;dataloadscanspeedupandslowdowninrelatio ntodaily,seasonal,topical, ,correlate,andlinkdatafrommultiplesource s(SAS2014). ,suchasEnvironmentCanadaandNaturalResour cesCanada, , sfocusatthemomentisonopendata,makingmore governmentdataaccessibletothepublic, :1616PM22 CompraniisedDatain2013, ( )atpresenthostsnearly200,000datasets,Som eseethesiteasasteptowardmoreopengovernme nt,whileothersarguethattheConservativesa reprovidingaccesstosomeinformationandpro motingtheideaofopendataandopengovernment whilesimultaneouslymakingaccesstootherty pesofgovernmentinformationmoredifficult( LigetiandSmith2014;LarsenandWalby2012).
7 Theintelligencecommunity,asmightbeexpect ed,iswidelycitedasbeingaheadoftherestofg overnmentinitsuseofbigdataanalytics(Deib ert2013,2014).Whendiscussinghowbigdataan alysisisbeingusedbythefeds,publicservant sandconsultantsoftenrespondedthathowthef ederalgovernmentisusingbigdataandhowinte lligenceagenciesareusingbigdataaretwosep aratethings; , ,someofthebiggerusersofbigdataareNatural ResourcesCanada,EnvironmentCanada,andAgr icultureAgri-FoodCanada, ,forexample, ,althoughthereisplentyofdata,itisnotinte gratedandsocannotbe crawledthrough However,thereisinterestinmovingtowardamo reintegrateddatasolution(PublicServantG2 014).
8 Logistically, , , (PublicServantACompromisedDataindb225/27 /20153:1616 PMBigDataasSystemofKnowledge:Investigati ngCanadianGovernance232013).Inaddition, (nowEmploymentandSocialDevelopmentCanada )isdevelopingandimplementingtheuseofpred ictiveanalyticstosavemoneybyreducingclie nterrorsandfraud(HRSDC2013).Theaimistode tectEmploymentInsurancefraudandabusethro ughtheanalysisofmultipledatabasesto (OfficeofthePrivacyCommissioner2012). ,StatisticsCanada, (SpencerandMcNutt2014).TheCanadianResear chDataCentreNetwork(CRDCN)managesandanal yzesconfidentialdata, ,someprovincialhealthrecords, (SpencerandMcNutt2014).
9 AsofNovember2013,thefederalgovernmentdid nothaveaprogramtodosocialmediaanalysis, , ,thepresidentoftheTreasuryBoard,weknowth atsomedepartmentsarecollectingsocialmedi adata(Wingrove2014).Further,interviewsin dicatesocialmediaCompromisedDsta,indb235 /27/2015316:16PM24 CompromisedDatamonitoringandanalysisinre lationtospecificinitiatives, , , , ,sothattherewouldbemoreresourcesavailabl etomakeuseofbigdataanalytics(PublicServa ntA2013). , ,TashaTruant, , ,thatitisarelativelylessexpensivemethodo fresearch, ,sheargues, , , :InvestigatingCanadianGovernance25mediac ommentsandconversationsonpublicsitesdoes notplantquestionsandthereforeintroducebi asinthewaythatsurveysdo(ConsultantB2014) .
10 Othersseepotentialbenefitsinbigdataasena blingpublicservantstomakepoliciesandserv icesmoreresponsivetoreal-timeevents,dema nds, (Interview2014)seesthepotentialforbigdat aanalyticstoenablepublicservantstoprovid emorecustomizedservices,providebetterser vicesaccordingtocitizenneeds, , , ,itisbeingusedtotrackhowdiscoursearoundc ertaintopicsevolveonline,whothekeyinflue ncersare,howorganizationsareandarenotcha ngingdebates,theimpactofinitiativesandpr ograms, ; (Busch2014). , establishinginformationaboutsamples,such astheirdemographicprofilesandtheprovenan ce, (2013,16).
