Computer and Communication Networks

1 Computer and Communication networksSecond EditionThis page intentionally left blank Computer and Communication net worksSecond EditionNader F. MirUpper Saddle River, NJ Boston Indianapolis San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris Madrid Capetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico CityCOMPUTER ANDCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKSN ader F. MirUpper Saddle River, w Yo r CityMany of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions.

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3 Computer and Communication Networks / Nader F. Mir. Second edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-13-381474-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 0-13-381474-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Computer Networks . 2. Data transmission systems. I. Title. 2015 dc23 2014037209 Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise.

4 To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) : 978-0-13-381474-3 ISBN-10: 0-13-381474-2 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Courier in Westford, printing, December 2014 Editor-in-ChiefMark L. TaubSenior Acquisitions EditorTrina MacDonaldDevelopment EditorSonglin QiuManaging EditorJohn FullerFull-Service Production ManagerJulie B. NahilProject ManagerVicki RowlandIndexerTed LauxProofreaderAndrea FoxPublishing CoordinatorOlivia BasegioCover DesignerChuti PrasertsithCompositordiacriTech, Shahrzad and NavidThis page intentionally left blank ContentsPreface xxiiiAbout the Author xxxviiPART I.

5 Fundamental Concepts 11 Packet-Switched Networks Basic Definitions in Networks Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching Data, Packets, and Frames The Internet and ISPs Classification of ISPs Types of Packet-Switched Networks Connectionless Networks Connection-Oriented Networks Packet Size and Optimizations Foundation of Networking Protocols Five-Layer TCP/IP Protocol Model Seven-Layer OSI Model Addressing Scheme in the Internet IP Addressing Scheme Subnet Addressing and Masking Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) 26viiviii Equal-Sized Packets Model Summary Exercises Computer Simulation Project 342 Overview of Networking Devices network Interface Cards (NICs) Switching and Routing Devices Layer 1 Devices Layer 2 Devices Layer 3 Devices Wireless Switching and Routing Devices Wireless Access Points and Base Stations Wireless Routers and Switches Antennas in Wireless Devices Modems Basic Modulation: ASK, FSK, and PSK Practical Modulation.

6 4-QAM and QPSK Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Modems Cable Modems Multiplexers Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) Time-Division Multiplexing Summary Exercises Computer Simulation Project 693 Data Links and Link Interfaces Data Links Data Link Types Link Encoder Error Detection and Correction on Links Error Detection Methods Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Algorithm Flow Control on Links Stop-and-Wait Flow Control Sliding-Window Flow Control 88 Contents Link Access by Multiple Users Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Wireless Channel Access by Multiple Users Frequency-Division Multiple Access Time-Division Multiple Access Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access Single-Carrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access Code-Division Multiple Access Other Multiple-Access Methods Link Aggregation Link Aggregation Applications Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) Summary Exercises Computer Simulation Project 1144 Local Area Networks and Networks of LANs LANs and Basic Topologies LAN Protocols Logical-Link Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC)

7 Networks of LANs LAN Networking with Layer 1 Devices LAN Networking with Layer 2 Devices Networking with Layer 2 and 3 Devices MAC/IP Address Conversion Protocols Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) Virtual LANs (VLANs) VLAN Switches VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) and IEEE Wireless LANs Infrared LANs Spread-Spectrum LANs Narrowband RF LANs Home RF and Bluetooth LANs 141x IEEE Wireless LAN Standard IEEE Physical Layer MAC Layer WiFi Networks Case Study: DOCSIS, a Cable TV Protocol Summary Exercises Computer Simulation Project 1575 Wide-Area Routing and Internetworking IP Packets and Basic Routing Policies Packet Fragmentation and Reassembly Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Obtaining and Assigning IP Addresses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) network Address Translation (NAT) Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Path Selection Algorithms Dijkstra s Algorithm Bellman-Ford Algorithm Packet Flooding Algorithm Deflection Routing Algorithm Intradomain Routing Protocols Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

8 Protocol Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Interdomain Routing Protocols Autonomous System (AS) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) IPv6 Addressing Format Extension Header Packet Fragmentation Other Features of IPv6 Congestion Control at the network Layer Unidirectional Congestion Control Bidirectional Congestion Control Random Early Detection (RED) A Quick Estimation of Link Blocking Lee s Serial and Parallel Connection Rules 206 Contents Summary Exercises Computer Simulation Project 2136 Multicast Routing and Protocols Basic Definitions and Techniques IP Multicast Addresses Basic Multicast Tree Algorithms Classification of Multicast Protocols Local and Membership Multicast Protocols Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Intradomain Multicast Protocols Multicast Backbone (MBone) Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) Protocol Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) Core-Based Trees (CBT)

9 Protocol Interdomain Multicast Protocols Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP) Summary Exercises Computer Simulation Project 2417 Wireless Wide Area Networks and LTE technology Infrastructure of Wireless Networks Cellular Networks Cellular network Devices and Operation Handoff Mobile IP Management in Cellular Networks Home Agents and Foreign Agents Agent Discovery Phase Registration Mobile IP Routing Generations of Cellular Networks Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology LTE Networking Devices Call Establishment in LTE Cells 271xii Handoff in LTE Downlink and Uplink Schemes in LTE Frequency Reuse Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)

10 With LTE Applications of Mesh Networks Physical and MAC Layers of WMNs Characterization of Wireless Channels Capacity Limits of Wireless Channels Channel Coding Flat-Fading Countermeasures Intersymbol Interference Countermeasures Summary Exercises Computer Simulation Project 2888 Transport and End-to-End Protocols Overview of the Transport Layer Interaction of Transport Layer and Adjacent Layers Transport Layer Protocols User Datagram Protocol (UDP) UDP Segments Applications of UDP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP Segment A TCP Connection Window-Based Transmission and Sliding Window in TCP Applications of TCP Mobile Transport Protocols UDP for Mobility TCP for Mobility TCP Congestion Control Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease Control Slow-Start Method Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Methods Summary Exercises Computer Simulation Project 319 Contents xiii9 Basic network Applications and Management Overview of the Application Layer Client/Server Model Graphical User Interface (GUI) Domain Name System (DNS)