CONFESSIONS, SEARCH, SEIZURE, AND ARREST A …

1 confessions , search , seizure , AND ARREST . A GUIDE FOR POLICE OFFICERS. AND PROSECUTORS. JUNE 2014 1. Pamela B. Loginsky, Staff Attorney, Washington Association of Prosecuting Attorneys2. 1. Current through June 30, 2014. 2. Any opinions expressed are those of the author, and not the official position of the Washington Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, nor of any individual prosecuting attorney's office. Ms. Loginsky may be contacted at or at Washington Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, 206 10th Avenue , Olympia, WA 98501, or at 360-753-2175. Permission to reproduce any portion of these materials is granted to prosecutors, courts, law enforcement, and any other government agencies, as well as to schools and universities for educational and research purposes, on the condition that the Washington Association of Prosecuting Attorneys and the Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission are credited. TABLE OF CONTENTS. confessions .. 1. Fifth Amendment Right to Counsel.

2 1. Constitutional Requirement.. 1. History of the Miranda Rule.. 3. Miranda Warnings.. 4. Language of Warnings.. 4. Representative of the State.. 5. Not Always Necessary.. 5. Procedural issues.. 6. Interpreters.. 6. Miranda Cards.. 7. Who Must Provide the Warnings.. 8.. 8. Undermining the Warnings.. 9. Foreign .. 9. Custodial Interrogation.. 10. Probable Cause Irrelevant.. 10. ARREST Need Not Be Accelerated.. 11. Custody.. 11. Distinguished from Terry Stops.. 11. Temporary Detention Ripens Into Custody.. 12. Focus of Investigation.. 14. Factors to Be Considered.. 14. Reasonable Person Standard.. 14. Youth.. 15. Location of Interviews.. 15. Police Stations.. 15. Suspect's Home.. 18. Jails and .. 18. i .. 19. Interrogative .. 19. Booking Questions.. 20. Routine Inquires By Jail Staff.. 20. Hostage Negotiations.. 20. Request for Physical .. 20. Casual Conversation.. 21. Invocation of .. 21. Request for .. 21. Defendant .. 21. Police Officer .. 21. Break in Custody.. 22.

3 Separate Investigation.. 22. Unequivocal Request.. 22. I Think.. 25. Personal Right.. 25. Right to Remain .. 25. Unequivocal Invocation.. 25. Partial Invocation.. 28. Public Safety Exception to Miranda.. 28. Pre- search Inquiry re Weapons or Needles.. 29. Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel .. 30. When Right Attaches.. 30. Initiation of .. 30. Deliberate Elicitation.. 30. Luck or Happenstance.. 31. Termination of Right.. 32. Charge Specific Right.. 32. Unrelated Crimes.. 32. Waiver of Right.. 33. ii Miranda Warnings.. 33. Personal Right.. 33. Attorney Ethics Rules.. 33. Sanctions for Violating the Rule.. 33. Appointment of a Lawyer.. 35. Court Rule Right to Counsel .. 35. CrR (c)(1) and CrRLJ (c)(1).. 35. Immediate Notification of Right to an Attorney.. 35. Telephone Contact with Lawyer.. 35. Practical Aspects of the Court Rule Right to .. 36. Access to Telephone and Telephone Numbers.. 36. Actual Contact.. 37. Choice of .. 37. Reasonable Privacy.. 37. Length of .. 39. Physical Presence of Attorney.

4 39. Waiver.. 39.. 40. Consular .. 40. Treaty Obligations in Criminal Cases.. 40. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.. 40. Bilateral Agreements.. 41. Binding .. 41. Summary of Obligations in Criminal Cases.. 42. Procedure to Follow When a Foreign National is Arrested or Detained.. 43. Answers to Frequently Asked Questions.. 46. Procedure for Establishing the Admissibility of Statements.. 50. Admissibility .. 50. When .. 50. CrR and CrRLJ .. 50. iii Failure to Hold a .. 51. Burden of Proof.. 51. Multiple Officers.. 51.. 51. Findings of Fact.. 51. Appellate .. 51. Establishing a Valid Miranda Waiver.. 52. Knowingly, Intelligently, and Voluntarily .. 52. Totality of the Circumstances.. 52. Children.. 52. Form of Waiver.. 53. Statements Obtained in Violation of Miranda.. 53. Purposeful Violations.. 53. Two-Step Process.. 53. Sixth Amendment.. 54. Physical Evidence.. 55. Establishing a Voluntary .. 55. Physical abuse.. 55. Isolation.. 56. Withholding of sleep, food, beverages, medical care and/or bathroom privileges.

5 56. Intoxicated or medicated .. 57. Promises or .. 57. Mental illness or low intelligence.. 59. Language .. 60. Prior experience with the criminal justice system.. 60. Deception.. 60. Sympathy, Empathy, or Paternal Manner.. 61. Accusations of Lying.. 62. Confusion or Emotionalism.. 62. iv Confession and Interrogation (Seth Fine's Summary of the Rules).. 63. search , seizure AND ARREST .. 64. Introduction.. 64. Definitions.. 67.. 67. Fourth Amendment.. 67. Const. art. I, 7.. 68. Difference Between the Constitutional .. 68. seizure .. 69. Property.. 69.. 69. Probable Cause.. 73. Generally.. 73. For ARREST .. 73. Objective .. 74. Pretext Stops/Arrests Prohibited.. 74. Suspect .. 79. Erroneous Belief.. 80. Error of .. 80. Possible Defense.. 81. Presence of Potentially Exculpatory .. 81. Child Abuse Cases.. 82. For .. 82. Types of .. 82. Social Contacts.. 82. Definition.. 82. Restrictions.. 84. Officer safety.. 85. Conversion into a seizure .. 86. Community Caretaking.. 88. v Citizen-Initiated Contacts.

6 88. Officer-Initiated Contacts.. 88. Officer .. 89. Visibility of hands.. 89. Weapon frisk.. 90. Admissibility of Evidence.. 90. Protective Custody.. 93. Person incapacitated by alcohol or drugs.. 93. Protective custody for detoxification.. 93. Intoxicated pedestrians.. 94. Intoxicated .. 94. Children .. 95. When to take a Child into Protective .. 95. Scope of Protective Custody.. 96. Person disabled by a mental illness.. 96. Abused or neglected child.. 100. Mendez Restrictions.. 100. Definition.. 100. Factors to be Considered.. 100. Frisks or Pat-Downs of Passengers.. 101. Staying vs. Leaving.. 102. ARREST of Occupant.. 103. Mendez Passenger Control Checklist.. 104. Terry Detentions.. 106. Washington Specific Rules.. 106. Completed Crimes.. 107.. 107. Misdemeanors and Gross Misdemeanors.. 107. Witnesses.. 109. Length of Detention.. 110. vi Child Witnesses.. 110. Reasonable Suspicion.. 111. Fellow Officer Rule/Collective or Imputed Knowledge Existence of Probable Cause.

7 115. Persons.. 115. Racial Incongruity.. 115. Presence in High Crime Area.. 116. Display of a Firearm.. 116. Past Reports of Criminal Activity.. 117. Proximity to Others Suspected of Criminal Activity.. 117. Startled Reaction.. 117. Closed Businesses.. 118. Motorcyclist.. 118. Flight.. 118. Vehicles.. 118. Bicycles.. 124. Boats.. 124. Scope of seizure .. 124. Purpose for stop.. 125. Amount of physical .. 126. Manipulation of .. 126. Separating for Questioning.. 126. Transporting.. 126. Witness Identifications.. 126. Securing in Patrol Car.. 126. Illuminating.. 127. Removing from .. 127. Field Sobriety Tests.. 127. Displaying Tattoos.. 127. Drawn Guns and Felony Stop Procedures.. 127. vii Handcuffing the Detainee.. 127. Weapons Frisk.. 128. Checking for Outstanding Warrants.. 128. Car Windows.. 128.. 128.. 128. Length of time.. 129. Identification.. 131. Weapons Frisk.. 132. When Allowed.. 132. Admissibility of Evidence.. 135. Persons.. 135. Vehicles.. 136. Plain Feel.

8 137. Return of Weapon.. 138. Terry Stop and search Checklist.. 139. Arrests.. 140. Custodial Arrests.. 140. ARREST of Vehicles.. 141. Passengers.. 142. ARREST Warrants.. 143. Who May Issue.. 143. Washington Judges.. 143. Governor.. 143. Department of Corrections.. 143. Out of State Judges.. 144. Tribal Court .. 144. Immigration .. 144. Warrants Check.. 144. Service of ARREST .. 145. viii ARREST Warrant by telegraph or .. 145. Where may the warrant be served.. 145. Suspect's Home.. 145. Another's .. 148. Outside the State of Washington.. 149. Protective Sweeps.. 149. Booking searches.. 149. Warrantless Arrests.. 150. When Allowed.. 150. Issuance of Citation.. 152. When Prohibited.. 152. Traffic Infractions.. 152. Misdemeanor Presence Rule.. 153. Continuing vs. non-continuing offenses.. 154. Timing of Warrantless ARREST for Misdemeanor.. 154. Exceptions to the Presence .. 155. Harm or Threats of .. 155. Unlawful Taking of Property.. 155. Use or Possession of .. 155. Drug Paraphernalia.

9 155. "Medical Marijuana" .. 156. Minors and Alcohol.. 158. Alcohol Poisoning.. 159. Presence Required.. 159. Trespass.. 159. Indecent Exposure.. 159. Traffic Offenses.. 159. Violations of Protection Orders, No Contact Orders, and Foreign Protection .. 160. Anti-Harassment Orders.. 161. ix Presence Required When Offender is a Boating.. 162. Interference with a Health Care Facility.. 162. Weapons and Schools.. 162. Invasive Species.. 162. Whether to Make a Warrantless .. 162. Officer's Discretion.. 162. Mandatory ARREST or Booking.. 163. Repeat .. 163. Domestic Violence Assaults.. 166. Court Orders Other Than Those Issued Pursuant to Chapter .. 168. Establishing Probable Cause for ARREST .. 169. Officer Liability.. 171. No Defense That Protected Person Initiated or Agreed to the Contact.. 171. Differences Between the Orders.. 172. Where Warrantless Arrests Are .. 182. Residences.. 182. Businesses.. 182. Hospitals.. 182. Pursuit.. 183. Felony Pursuit Within Washington State.

10 183. Misdemeanor Pursuits Within Washington State.. 185. Alcohol/Drug Dissipation Insufficient.. 185. Odor of Burning Marijuana Insufficient.. 186. Pursuits Outside Washington.. 186. Canada.. 186. Idaho.. 186. Oregon.. 187. Pursuits Into Washington.. 187. x Tribal Officers.. 188. Use of force in making an ARREST .. 189. Constitutional Limitations.. 189. Statutory .. 189. Arrestee's Use of Force to Resist ARREST .. 190. Sample Cases.. 190. Post- ARREST control of suspect.. 190. Arrestees with Special Needs.. 191. Deaf .. 192. Judicial Review of Warrantless Arrests.. 193. SEARCHES.. 194. General Rule.. 194. Abandoned Property.. 194. Department of Licensing Records.. 195. Private Commercial Records.. 195. Telephones and .. 195. Letters and Mail.. 196. Pharmacy Records.. 196. Second Looks.. 196. Fraudulently Obtained or Stolen .. 196. Hotel Rooms.. 196. Stolen Cars.. 196. Computers.. 197. Saliva.. 197. Commercial Premises.. 197. Jail Phone Calls.. 197. Computers with File Sharing Software.