CONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE, HISTORIC ...

1 IntroductionICCROMUNESCOWHCINTRODUCTIONC ONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL heritage , HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND MATERIALSL ABORAT ORY HANDBOOK1 VOLUME/99 ARCThis publication has received financial support from the World heritage 92-9077-157-7 ICCROM 1999 International Centre for the Study of the Preservationand Restoration of Cultural PropertyVia di San Michele 13,00153 Rome, ItalyPrinted in Italy by ATEL ~ RomaGraphic Design: ~ RomaEditing: Christopher McDowall and Cynthia RockwellCover Design: Andrea UrlandPhotographs: ICCROM Archive ~ Cover : E. Borrelli, Jaquinta, W. Schmid, A. UrlandINTROICCROM PREFACEIn recent decades, the CONSERVATION of architec-tural heritage has increasingly drawn on newknowledge arising from the development of spe-cialized scientific assessment, diagnosis, CONSERVATION andrestoration treatment, as well as long-term moni-toring of performance, often call for specific inves-tigation techniques and interdisciplinary studywith specialized CONSERVATION the years, CONSERVATION scientists workingwith cultural heritage have developed analyticalmethods, procedures and testing techniques forthe study of materials.

2 Their characteristics, caus-es of deterioration, alteration and decay process-es. Such data are of essential support to planningany CONSERVATION or restoration activity, as well aspreventive use of the various available testing tech-niques and measuring procedures combined withthe findings of other surveys and past experienceallow for establishing a more complete basis forcorrect diagnosis, sound judgement and decision-making in the choice of the most appropriateconservation and restoration treatments withinthe general strategy for the HISTORIC professionals today are fully awareofthe fundamental role materials science andlaboratory analysis play in the a certain knowledge of the basic and mostfrequently used laboratory tests and a capacity tointerpret their results should be an integral part ofthe general preparation of any professionalworking in the field of the Laboratory Handbook.

3 ICCROM hopesto fulfil the long-felt need to provide a simple andpractical guide where basic concepts and practi-cal applications are integrated and ConceptThe ICCROM ARC Laboratory Handbook is intended to assist professionals working in the field ofconservation and restoration of ARCHITECTURAL groupIt has been prepared principally for architects and engineers, but may also be relevant for conservator-restorers, archaeologists and To offer simplified and selected material, structured to the needs of the target group: an overviewof the problem area, combined with laboratory practicals and case studies. To describe some of the most widely used practices, and illustrate the various approaches to theanalysis of materials and their deterioration processes.

4 To facilitate interdisciplinary teamwork among scientists and other professionals involved in theconservation handbooks have evolved from lecture and laboratory handouts developed and constantlyupdated for ICCROM s international or regional training programmes, principally the following mid-career professional courses:- CONSERVATION of ARCHITECTURAL heritage and HISTORIC Structures-Technology of Stone CONSERVATION - CONSERVATION of Mural Paintings and Related ARCHITECTURAL Surfaces- CONSERVATION of ARCHITECTURAL Surfaces as well as in a series of collaborative laboratory activities,and consultancy and research Laboratory Handbook builds on valuable past experience.

5 Certain ICCROM publications alongsimilar lines, namely Porous Building Materials: Materials Science for ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION byGiorgio Torraca (1982), and A Laboratory Manual for ARCHITECTURAL Conservators by Jeanne MarieTeutonico (1988) have been among the main long-term experience accumulated from other institutions, that of renowned experts and con-servation/restoration practice in general have naturally also been a point of reference, as has theprocess of designing laboratory session modules for ICCROM courses in recent years; the latter hasbeen enriched by feedback both from participants and from contributing leading concept behind the Laboratory Handbook is modular.

6 Thus, it has been conceived as a set ofindependent volumes,each of which will address a particular subject area. The volumes relate par-ticularly to topics covered in the International Refresher Course on CONSERVATION of ArchitecturalHeritage and HISTORIC Structures (ARC), which are as follows: DECAYMECHANISMS,DIAGNOSIS:guiding principles of materials science, external climatic risk factors,atmospheric pollution, humidity, bio-deterioration, investigation techniques, surveying[2][3] CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION TREATMENTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURESTHEIR TESTING,MONITORING AND EVALUATION:timber, earthen ARCHITECTURAL heritage , brick, stone,mortars, metals, modern materials, surface an issue of broader interest, practical information and guidelines for setting up architecturalconservation laboratories are also scheduled for general, each volume includes: introductory information explanations of scientific terms used examples of common problems types of analysis (basic principles) practicals (laboratory tests) applications (case study) bibliography Principles are explained, and some longstanding methodologies described.

7 Up-to-date informationon techniques, instruments and widely used reference standards has been information on practical techniques not strictly related to laboratory work is also providedin some practicals - involving basic tests and simple analyses - are conceived as part of ICCROM s labo-ratory is understood that architects will not generally be performing laboratory analyses on their , knowledge of the types of analysis available for obtaining specific data, their cost, reliabilityand limitations is essential for today s CONSERVATION should also be aware of samplingrequirements and techniques, able to understand and interpret results, and effectively communicatethem to other colleagues in interdisciplinary individual volumes are being prepared by various authors, depending on the subject and Scientific Committee is composed of specialists in the relevant fields, who also havestrong ties with ICCROM through direct involvement in the training featuresProgress in CONSERVATION science and technology means that currently available information must beregularly evaluated and is why the Handbook has been structured as a series of will allow.

8 The authors to periodically update specific volumes to reflect changing methodology and tech-nology in an easy, time-saving and economical way, thanks to the digital reprinting process the users to work selectively with the volume relating to the particular problem they are facing new volumes to be gradually added to the set in line with developing needs, until all the relevantsubjects have been covered by the are aware that the information provided is not all-embracing but selective. It is hoped that feed-back from users will assist us in improving and continually adapting the project to changing project team - Ernesto Borrelli and Andrea Urland - welcomes any constructive criticism, com-ments and suggestions that might help us achieve this [4]SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEEERNESTOBORRELLI(ex officio)ICCROM Laboratory CoordinatorGIACOMOCHIARIA ssociate Professor of Applied Mineralogy, Department of Mineralogical and Petrologic Sciences,University of Turin (Dipartimento di Scienze Mineralogiche e Petrologiche, Universit degli Studi diTorino)

9 MARISALAURENZITABASSOA ssistant to the Director-General, ICCROM (Former Head of the Science and TechnologyProgramme). Chemist, PhDJEANNEMARIETEUTONICOS enior ARCHITECTURAL Conservator, English HeritageGIORGIOTORRACAC hemist,University of Rome, Faculty of Engineering (former ICCROM Deputy Director)ANDREAURLAND(ex officio)ICCROM ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION Project Manager. Architect, PhDACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis publication was made possible thanks to the financial contribution of the UNESCO WorldHeritage authors would especially like to express their gratitude to the members of the ScientificCommittee, who kindly agreed to give this publication their support, sharing their expertise byreviewing the draft texts and providing valuable comments and authors further wish to recognize the scientific collaboration of Beatrice Muscatello.

10 The preciouscontribution of the advisors and the text editing by Christopher McDowall and Cynthia are equally grateful to the ICCROM staff for their whole-hearted collaboration and to thoseat the UNESCO World heritage Centre for their finally we wish to thank all the others who have, in some way, contributed to the preparationand completion of this - 99 VOLUMES: 1. Introduction2. Porosity3. Salts4. specification and measurementDr HaroldPlenderleith (1898-1997)INTROICCROM s LABORATORY:A BRIEF HISTORY The new ICCROM Laboratory, inaugu-rated in 1997, is dedicated to Dr HaroldPlenderleith, the Organization s 1966, during his tenure, a first basiclaboratory was set up for didactic pur-poses at the original headquarters in the 1980s,after ICCROM had movedto Via di San Michele, a new and better-equipped laboratory was installed underthe coordination of Dr Giorgio Torraca,then ICCROM s Deputy Director.