Construction Materials

1 A Course Material onConstruction MaterialsByMr. OFCIVIL ENGINEERINGSASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGVIJAYAMANGALAM 638 056 QUALITY CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the e-course materialSubject Code:CE6401 Scubject: Construction MaterialsClass:II Year CIVIL being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university of the :LecturerThisis to certify that the course material being prepared by of adequatequality. He has referred more than five books amont them minimum one is from aborad of KumarSEALT able of ContentsChapter NoTitlePage No1 Stones Bricks Characteristics Testing of Durability of Preservation of of Classification of Testing of Bricks OrRefractory Bricks222 Lime Cement Aggregates Lime Testing of Types Testing Manufacturing (RMC) Types of 6401 Construction MaterialsSCEDept of CivilCE6401 CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSLTPC300 3 OBJECTIVES.

2 Tointroducestudentstovariousmaterialscom monlyusedincivilengineeringconstruction andtheir BRICKS CONCRETEBLOCKS9 Stoneasbuildingmaterial Criteriaforselection Testsonstones DeteriorationandPreservationofstonework Bricks Classification Manufacturingofclaybricks Testsonbricks CompressiveStrength WaterAbsorption Efflorescence Bricksforspecialuse Refractorybricks Cement,Concreteblocks CEMENT AGGREGATES MORTAR9 Lime Preparationoflimemortar Cement Ingredients Manufacturingprocess TypesandGrades PropertiesofcementandCementmortar Hydration Compressivestrength Tensile strength Fineness Soundnessandconsistency Settingtime Industrialbyproducts Flyash Aggregates Naturalstoneaggregates Crushingstrength Impactstrength FlakinessIndex ElongationIndex AbrasionResistance Grading Sand Ingredients ManufacturingProcess Batchingplants RMC Propertiesoffresh concrete Slump FlowandcompactionFactor Propertiesofhardenedconcrete Compressive.

3 Tensileandshearstrength Modulusofrupture Tests Mixspecification Mix proportioning BISmethod HighStrengthConcreteandHPC SelfcompactingConcrete OthertypesofConcrete Marketforms Industrialtimber Plywood Veneer Thermacole Panelsoflaminates Steel AluminumandOtherMetallicMaterials Composition Aluminiumcompositepanel Uses Marketforms Mechanicaltreatment Paints Varnishes Distempers Ceramics Sealantsforjoints Fibreglassreinforcedplastic Clayproducts Refractories Compositematerials Types Applicationsoflaminarcomposites Fibretextiles :45 PERIODSOUTCOMES:On completionofthiscoursethestudentswill be ableto comparethepropertiesofmost commonandadvancedbuildingmaterials. understandthetypicalandpotential applicationsofthesematerials understandtherelationship betweenmaterial properties andstructuralform ,"BuildingMaterials", ,NewDelhi, ,"EngineeringMaterials", , ,"ConcreteTechnology(TheoryandPractice)" , , ,"ConcreteTechnology",3rdEdition,TataMcG rawHillEducation, ,"BuildingMaterials",4thEdition,NewAgeIn ternational, 6401 Construction MaterialsSCEDept of ,"Alternative BuildingMaterialsTechnology",NewAgeInter national, ,&NehaJamwal.

4 ,"BuildingMaterials,products,propertiesa ndsystems",TataMcGrawHillEducations ,NewDelhi, 2000:IndianStandardspecificationfor plain andreinforcedconcrete, 2003:IndianStandard specificationforready mixedconcrete, 1970:IndianStandardspecificationforcoars eandfineaggregatefromnaturalSourcesforco ncrete, 1992:Indianstandardspecificationforsandf orplaster,2009CE 6401 Construction MaterialsSCE1 Dept ofCivilChapter 1 Stones Bricks ConcreteBlocksStoneasbuildingmaterial Criteriaforselection Testsonstones DeteriorationandPreservationofstonework Bricks Classification Manufacturingofclaybricks Testsonbricks CompressiveStrength WaterAbsorption Efflorescence Bricksforspecialuse Refractorybricks Cement,Concreteblocks Of Good Building StoneA good building stone should have the :For face work it should have fine, compact texture; light-coloured stone is preferredasdark colours are likely to fade out in due course of :A broken stone should not be dull in appearance and should have uniform texturefree fromcavities, cracks, and patches of loose or soft material.

5 Stratifications should not be visible to naked :A stone should be strong and durable to withstand the disintegrating action strength of buildingstones in practice range between 60 to 200 :It is an indication of the porosity and density. For stability of structures such as , etc. heavier stones are reauired, whereas for arches, vaults, domes, etc. light stonesmay be :This property is important for floors, pavements, aprons of bridges, etc. The hardnessisdetermined by the Mohs scaleToughness:The measure of impact that a stone can withstand is defined as toughness. Thestone usedshould be tough when vibratory or moving loads are and Absorption:Porosity depends on the mineral constituents, cooling time andstructuralformation. A porous stone disintegrates as the absorbed rain water freezes, expands, and causescracking.

6 Permissible water absorption for some of the stones is given in Table 1 Table 124-Hours Water Absorption of Stones by of StoneWater absorption (%not greater than) :The stone should be well :The resistance of stone against the wear and tear due to natural agencies shouldbe :Stone should beworkable so that cutting, dressing and bringing it out in therequiredshape and size may not be Resistance:Stones should be free from calcium corbonate, oxides of iron, and mineralshavingdifferent coefficients of thermal rock show marked disintegration principallybecause of quartz which disintegrates into small particles at a temperature of about 575 C. Limestone,however, can withstand a little higher temperature; up to 800 C after which they Gravity:The specific gravity of most of the stones lies between to Movement:Thermal movements alone are usually not trouble-some.

7 However, jointsinCE 6401 Construction MaterialsSCE2 Dept ofCivilcoping and parapets open-out inletting the rain water causing trouble. Marble slabs show a distinctdistortion when subjected to heat. An exposure of one side of marble slab to heat may cause that side toexpand and the slab warps. On cooling, the slab does not go back to its original Of StonesBuilding stonesare available in large quantity in various parts of the country and to choose and utilizethem for their satisfactory performance , it is necessary to test the stone for its strength properties,durability and Test:Some of the tests tocheck the durability of stone are as follows. Of these tests, thecrystallization test is prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards. The durability (soundness) test isperformed to find out the capacity of stone to resist disintegration and Test:Break off the freshly quarried stone chippings to about the size of a rupee coin andputthem in a glass of clean water, one-third full.

8 If the water becomes slightly cloudy, the stone is good anddurable. If water becomes dirty, it indicates that the stone contains too much of earthy and s Test for frost resistance Few small pieces of freshly quarried stone are immersedinboiling solution of sulphate of soda (Glauber s salt) and are weighed. These are then removed andkeptsuspended for few days and weighed again. The loss in weight indicates the probable effect of Test to check weather resistance confirms the power of stones to withstand theatmosphericconditions. 100 g of stone chips are kept in a 5per cent solution of H2SO4or HCI for 3 days. Then thechips are taken out and dried. The sharp and firm corners and edges are indication of sound stone. Thistest is used to test the cementing material of sand (IS 1126):Threetest pieces of 50 mm diameter and 50 mm height aredried for 24hours and are weighed (W1).

9 The specimens are suspended in 14 per cent sodium sulphate solution(density kg/m3) for 16 to 18 hours at room temperature (20 to 30 C). The specimens are thentaken out of the solution and kept in air for 4 hours. They are then oven dried at a temperature of 105 5 C for 24 hours and then cooled at room temperature. This process is repeated for 30 cycles. Thespecimens are weighed (W2) and the difference inweight is found. This test is repeated thirty times andthe loss in weight after every five cycles is obtained. The change in weight indicates the degree of decayof stone. Durability should be expressed in percentage as change in the weight. The averageof three testresults should be reported as durability in weight =W2W1where W1is the original weight of the specimen and W2is the weight of the specimen after 30 cycles ofthe TestCompressive Strength Test (IS: 1121 (Part I))Samples of stone weighing at least 25 kg eachof theunweathered spcimen should be obtained from quarry.

10 To test stone for compressive strength, specimenpieces in the form of cubes or cylinders are made from samples of rock. The lateral dimension ordiameter of test piece should not be less than 50 mm and the ratio of height to diameter or lateraldimension should be 1:1. A minimum of three specimen pieces are tested in each saturated and dryconditions. Separate tests should be made for the specimen when the load to parallel to the rift andperpendicular to the rift. In all twelve test pieces should be specimen pieces of diameter or lateral dimension 50 mm are immersed in water at 20 to 30 C for72hours and are tested in saturated condition. The specimen pieces are also tested indry condition bydrying them in an oven at 105 5 C for 24 hours and then cooled in a desiccator to 20 30 C.