Corn Starch - Corn Refiners Association

1 CornStarchCornStarch1 corn Refiners Association1701 Pennsylvania Avenue, , 20006-5805202-331-1634 Fax: EditionCopyright 2006 Member Companies .. 2 Foreword .. 4 Starch and the Starch Granule .. 5 The corn Wet Milling Process .. 7 Physicochemical Properties of Starch .. 10 Commercial corn 13 Unmodified, regular or common corn Starch ..13 Genetic variations of corn Starch ..13 Modified corn corn of Starches Under Federal Regulations .. 24 Shipping and Handling Dry Starches .. 25 Cooking Procedures for Starches .. 26 Handling Cooked Starches .. 29 Enzyme Conversion of 31 Analytical Examination of Starch .. 33 Glossary .. 37 FIGURES1. Layers of Starch formed around the hilum.

2 52. Shape of six common Starch granules .. 63. corn Starch photographed under polarized light .. 64. A kernel of corn .. 75. The corn wet milling process .. 86. Amylose and amylopectin molecules .. 117. Micelle formation in amylose molecules .. 128. Effect of temperature on gelatinization .. 269. Effect of agitation on gelatinization .. 2710. Effect of pH on 282 Archer Daniels Midland Box 1470 Decatur, Illinois 62525 Cargill, Box 5662/MS62 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440-5662 corn Products International, Westbrook Corporate CenterWestchester, Illinois 60154 National Starch and Chemical Company10 Finderne AvenueBridgewater, New Jersey 08807-0500 Penford Products Co.

3 (A company of Penford Corporation) Box 428 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406-0428 Roquette America, Exchange StreetKeokuk, Iowa 52632-6647 Tate & Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc.(A subsidiary of Tate & Lyle, PLC ) Box 151 Decatur, Illinois 62521 MEMBER COMPANIESP lants:Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404 Clinton, Iowa 52732 Columbus, Nebraska 68601 Decatur, Illinois 62525 Marshall, Minnesota 56258-2744 Plants:Blair, Nebraska 68008-2649 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406-2638 Dayton, Ohio 45413-8001 Decatur, Alabama 35601 Eddyville, Iowa 52553-5000 Hammond, Indiana 46320-1094 Memphis, Tennessee 38113-0368 Wahpeton, North Dakota 58075 Plants:Bedford Park, Illinois 60501-1933 Stockton, California 95206-0129 Winton-Salem, North Carolina 27107 Plants:Indianapolis, Indiana 46221 North Kansas City, Missouri 64116 Plant:Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404-2175 Plant.

4 Keokuk, Iowa 52632-6647 Plants:Decatur, Illinois 62521 Lafayette, Indiana 47902 Lafayette, Indiana 47905 Loudon, Tennessee 37774 PLANT LOCATIONS3 Each day of the year, in some manner or another, everyAmerican's life is touched by one of our most abundant re-newable resources, corn Starch . From the clothing we wearto the food on our table, corn Starch is a component of tensof thousands of manufactured products that define our mod-ern use of Starch is chronicled in records of the early Egyp-tians, who manufactured papyrus using a Starch records indicate that those early innovators founduses for Starch in foods, medicine, cosmetics and fabrics. Itwas not until the middle of the nineteenth century, however,that the process for large-scale efficient extraction of starchfrom corn was developed.

5 The development and continualimprovement of this process has enabled the corn refiningindustry to offer American consumers abundant supplies ofstarch tailored to meet the most exacting needs of tenth edition of corn Starch reviews the chemistry of thestarch granule, describes how corn Refiners extract starchfrom the corn kernel, how it is treated to produce specialproducts and reviews handling and analytical procedures forstarches. We hope that you will find this guide useful andwill not hesitate to contact the corn Refiners Association , ifwe can provide you with further information on Starch andits EricksonPresidentCorn Refiners AssociationReaders are advised that the information and suggestions containedherein are general in nature and that specific technical questionsshould be referred to the Association or member companies.

6 Ques-tions as to the price and/or availability of the products describedshould be directed to individual Association corn plant (Zea mays) isa high-capacity, factory forefficiently converting largeamounts of radiant energyfrom the sun into stablechemical energy. This en-ergy is stored as cellulose,oil and Starch in the cornplant and in the corn corn plant is also one ofnature's greatest four monthsafter planting, a single kernelof corn weighing about oneone-hundredth of an ouncewill yield 800 kernels weigh-ing eight ounces. In compari-son to this 800-fold seed mul-tiplication in corn , wheatwill produce a 50-fold yieldper seed careful genetic control, corn has been developedwhich can grow in the tem-perate and semi-tropicalareas throughout the annual production ofcorn topping 10 billion bush-els, the United States ranksas the world's largest growerof corn .

7 Since the corn grainaverages about 70-72% Starch (dry basis) this enormousquantity of corn provides analmost unlimited raw mate-rial supply from whichstarch may be 1844, Colgate & Co. builtsmall corn Starch factories atJersey City, New Jersey, andColumbus, Ohio. In 1848,the much larger KingsfordCornstarch Plant was builtin Oswego, New York. Sincethat time, Starch technologyhas steadily improved andproduction has increasedmany-fold. Today, cornstarch dominates the world'sindustrial and food booklet presents abrief, simplified descriptionof the manufacture of starchby the corn refining (wetmilling) process, a summaryof the physicochemical prop-erties of Starch that make itof such great value to man-kind and general informa-tion about how Starch isused in food and industrialapplications.

8 We hope youfind this information you wish further informa-tion on Starch , corn or cornrefining, please contact theCorn Refiners Associationor its member AND THESTARCH GRANULES tarch exists as a major car-bohydrate storage product inall plants containing chloro-phyll. In the process knownas photosynthesis, greenplants extract energy fromsunlight to form glucosefrom carbon dioxide andwater. Glucose fuels plantgrowth processes and is theprimary building materialfor plant support structuressuch as cellulose and hemi-cellulose. When the plantreaches maturity, the repro-duction cycle begins, culmi-nating in pollination andformation of the Starch - andoil-rich seed embryo. Starchand oil exist in the corn ker-nel to supply energy to thegerminating seed.

9 Starch is acarbohydrate polymer madeby the linking of glucoseunits end-to-end into verylong chains, similar tothe stringing together ofpearls in the making of apearl Starch islayered around a hilumnucleus within the plant cell,in structures called granules(Figure 1). Starch granulesvary in size and shape, char-acteristic of specific plantsources. Figure 2 shows thecomparative sizes andshapes of granules from sixcommon starches. Starchmolecules are orientedwithin granules in specificcrystalline patterns. This isillustrated in Figure 3,showing the Maltese crosspattern characteristic ofthese crystal structures,viewed in aqueous suspen-sion under polarized highly structured natureof the Starch granule is dem-onstrated by its greatstrength.

10 After all the pulver-izing, pumping, centrifugalcirculation and physicalattrition in the wet phases ofthe corn wet milling opera-tion, followed by drying,grinding and mechanical orair transportation of the drystarch, practically all of thegranules remain integrity also per-sists in both modified andderivatized Starch is typically adry, soft, white powder. It isinsoluble in cold water, alco-hol, ether and most organicsolvents. Starch , if kept dry,is stable in storage for indefi-nite periods. Though starchgranules are physically du-rable, they can be disruptedquite easily. If granules inwater suspension are gradu-ally heated, they begin toabsorb water. The granuleshydrate, increase in size andfinally lose their structuralintegrity.