COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY

1 PsychologyVI SEMESTERCORE COURSE(CUCBCSS2014 )UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONS chool of Distance EducationCounselling PsychologyPage2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIALBSc CounsellingPsychologyVI SEMESTER2014 ScholarDepartment ofPsychologyUniversity of CalicutSettings& Lay Out by: SDE,Computer CellSchool of Distance EducationCounselling PsychologyPage3@ ReservedCONTENTSMODULE 1 DEFINITIONS OF COUNSELLINGMODULE 2 ASSESSMENT ANDDIAGNOSISMODULE 3 COUNSELLING CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTSMODULE 4 group COUNSELLINGS chool of Distance EducationCounselling PsychologyPage4 MODULE 1 DEFINITIONS OF COUNSELLINGC ounselling is a process by means of which the helper expresses care andconcern towardsthe person with a problem, and facilitates that person's personalgrowth and brings British Association for COUNSELLING (BAC)may have been the firstprofessional association to adopt a definition of professional COUNSELLING .

2 In1986 it published the following definition: COUNSELLING is the skilled and principled useof relationship tofacilitate self-knowledge, emotionalacceptance and growth and the optimaldevelopment of personal resources. The overall aim is to provideanopportunity to work towards living more satisfyingly and relationships will vary according to need but may be concernedwith developmental issues, addressing and resolving specific problems,making decisions, coping with crisis, developing personal insights andknowledge, working through feelings of inner conflict or improvingrelationships with others. The counsellor s role is to facilitate the clients workin ways that respect the client s values, personal resources and capacity forself-determination.

3 In 1997 the Governing Council of the American COUNSELLING Association(ACA) accepted the following definition of professional COUNSELLING : Counsellingis the application of mental health, psychological or humandevelopment principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioural or systemicinterventions, strategies thataddress wellness, personal growth, or careerSchool of Distance EducationCounselling PsychologyPage5development, as well as pathology .The definition also includes theseadditional attributes: Counsellingdeals with wellness, personal growth, career, and pathologicalconcerns. In other words,counsellorswork in areas that involve areas includeintra-and interpersonal concerns related to finding meaning and adjustment insuch settings as schools, families, and careers.

4 Counsellingis conducted with persons who are considered to befunctioningwell and those who are having more serious theneeds of a wide spectrum of people. Counsellingis theory draw from a number of theoreticalapproaches, including those that are cognitive, affective,behavioural, andsystemic. These theories may be applied to individuals, groups, and families. Counsellingis a process that maybe developmental focus on theirclients goals. Thus,counsellinginvolves both choice and change. In somecases, counsellingis a rehearsal for action GOALS OF COUNSELLINGSome ofthe differentgoals that areadoptedeither explicitly or implicitlyby counsellorsare listed: Insight:The acquisition of an understanding of the origins and development ofemotional difficulties, leading to an increased capacity to take rational controlover feelings and actions ( freud : where id was, shall ego be ).

5 Relating with others:Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningfulandsatisfying relationships with other people: for example, within the family of Distance EducationCounselling PsychologyPage6 Self-awareness:Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had beenblocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how self isperceived by others. Self-acceptance:The development of a positive attitude towards self, markedby an ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject ofself-criticism and rejection. Self-actualization or individuation:Moving in the direction of fulfillingpotential orachieving an integration of previously conflicting parts of self. Enlightenment:Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritualawakening.

6 Problem-solving:Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client hadnotbeen ableto resolve alone. Acquiring a general competence in problem-solving. Psychological education:Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniqueswithwhichto understand and control behaviour. Acquisition of social skills:Learning and mastering socialand interpersonalskillssuch as maintenance of eye contact, turn-taking in conversations,assertivenessor anger control. Cognitive change:The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs ormaladaptive thought patterns associated with self-destructive behaviour. Behaviour change:The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self-destructive patterns of behaviour. Systemic change:Introducing change into the way in that social systems ( ) operate.

7 Empowerment:Working on skills,awareness and knowledge that will enabletheclient to take control of his or her own life. Restitution:Helping the client to make amends for previous of Distance EducationCounselling PsychologyPage7 Generativity and social action:Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity tocare for others and pass on knowledge (generativity) and to contribute to thecollective good throughpolitical engagement and community COUNSELLING PROCESSC ounsellingcan be conceptualized as a series of stages or steps that leadone through and Hackney (1987) describedafive-stage process: relationship building, assessment, goal setting, interventions,and termination and of the stages is discussed in One: Relationship BuildingThe successful outcomes incounsellingis associated with thecounsellor-client relationship which is the outcome of all therapeutic are twonecessary conditions.

8 They conditions:The core conditions for successfulcounsellingare empathic understanding(Empathic understanding as a process thatinvolves communicating a sense of caring and understanding) unconditional positive regard(counsellorcommunicating to clients thatthey are ofvalue and worth as individuals) congruence(Behaving in a manner consistent with how one thinks andfeels) respect(focuses on the positive attributes of the client) immediacy(direct, mutual communication) confrontation(Pointing out discrepancies in what the client is saying anddoing) concreteness(Helping clients discuss themselves in specific terms) self-disclosure(Making the self-known to others)School of Distance EducationCounselling PsychologyPage8 These eight core conditions are necessary and sufficient for constructivepersonality change to client offered conditionsThe working alliance is another concept that can be used to describe thecounsellingrelationship.

9 It goes beyond focusing oncounsellor-offeredconditions and includescounsellor-and client-offered working allianceiscomposed of three parts. They are: agreement between thecounsellorand client in terms of the goals ofcounselling agreement between thecounsellorand client in terms of the tasks ofcounselling emotional bond between thecounsellorand strength of the working alliance depends on the degree of agreementrelating to goals and tasks ofcounsellingand the level of emotional attachmentbetween thecounsellorand Two: Assessment and DiagnosisAssessment and diagnosis helpacounsellordevelop an in-depthunderstanding of a client and identify mental disorders that require understanding can facilitate goal setting and also suggest types ofintervention procedures can be divided into two categories standardized measures include psychological tests that have standardizednorm groups non standardized measures include strategies such as the clinical interviewand assessment of life Three: Formulation ofCounsellingGoalsThree functions that goals serves in thecounsellingprocess:School of Distance EducationCounselling PsychologyPage9 Motivational function:The clients are involved in establishing thecounsellinggoals.

10 They may be more motivated when they have specific,concrete goals to work toward. It is also important forcounsellors to encourageclients to make a verbal commitment to work on a specificcounsellinggoal. Educational function:Clients can learn new skills andbehaviours that theycan use to enhance their functioning. For example, acounsellinggoal might beto become more assertive. During assertiveness training clients can learn skillsto enhance their functioning in interpersonal situations. Evaluative function:Clear goals allow thecounsellorand client anopportunity to evaluate goalsmay also be conceptualisedas either process Goals:Theseestablish the conditions necessary to make thecounsellingprocess work. These goals relate to the issues of formulatingpositive relationship by promoting the core conditions.