CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE

1 CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE CRYOGENIC CLUSTER DAY, OXFORD, SEPTEMBER 28, 2012 Dr. Klaas Kunze, Dr. Oliver Kircher BMW EfficientDynamics Less emissions. More driving pleasure. BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. AGENDA. BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE Strategy Cryocompressed HYDROGEN STORAGE Development Refueling technology Compatibility with infrastructure Conclusion Page 2 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. AGENDA. BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE Strategy Cryocompressed HYDROGEN STORAGE Development Refueling technology Compatibility with infrastructure Conclusion Page 3 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 BMW EfficientDynamics Less emissions.

2 More Driving Pleasure. HYDROGEN Long Range ZEV Mobility Optimizing: Efficiency Aerodynamics Lightweight Energy Management Road Resistance BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 Page 4 BMW EFFICIENT DYNAMICS. 4 STEPS TOWARDS EMISSION-FREE MOBILITY. ActiveHybrid ActiveHybrid X6 and Active Hybrid7 BMW i Battery Electric and Plug-In Hybrid BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 Page 5 BMW HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY. ADVANCEMENT OF KEY COMPONENTS. Source: BMW Advanced key components Next vehicle & infrastructure HYDROGEN 7 small series LH2 STORAGE Capacity Safety Boil-off loss Pressure supply Complexity Infrastructure Technology leap STORAGE & drive train Efficient long-range mobility: Zero Emission.

3 Focus on medium & large vehicles with high energy demand. Range > 500 km (6-8 kg H2) Fast refueling (< 4 min / 6 kg) optimized safety oriented vehicle package & component integration Loss-free operation for all relevant use cases Compatibility to upcoming infrastructure standard V12 PFI engine Power density Dynamics Durability & cost Efficiency H2 Drive train H2- STORAGE Electrification H2 ICE H2 HEV EREV FCHV FC-EREV Advancement STORAGE & Drive train CGH2 Source: Quantum LH2 Source: BMW CcH2 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE .

4 5 SERIES GT CCH2-FC-HYBRID CONCEPT CAR. Customer benefits of CcH2- STORAGE in Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle Range 500 km customer real life, > 800 km test cycle Refueling Refueling time < 5 min for 500 km possible Operating costs Potentially lower fuel cost due to lower investment and operating costs at the station. Performance Additional cooling from CcH2- STORAGE enables better fuel cell power train performance in critical driving situations. PEM Fuel Cell ~90 kW electrical power H2 CRYO-COMPRESSED central tunnel STORAGE max. 7,2 kg usable High voltage battery ~1 KWh usable Electrical rear wheel drive ~200/ 80 kW BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 Page 6 Adsorption Liquid Hydrides compressed Physical STORAGE Solid STORAGE Single or multi- pressure vessel 700 (350) bar activated carbon MOFs chemical Zeolith organic metallic CGH2* LH2* Source: BMW Super-insulated low-pressure cryotank Research level!

5 Demonstration level Small Series level, Mainstream Source: Quantum *) CGH2 := compressed Gaseous HYDROGEN (700bar) CcH2 := CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN (10bar - 350bar) LH2 := Liquid/Liquefied HYDROGEN (1 bar_a - ca. 10 bar_a) CRYO-COMPRESSED CcH2* Source: BMW Super-insulated cryogenic pressure vessel 350 bar Prototype level BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES. ONLY PHYSICAL STORAGE VALIDATED FOR USE IN PASSENGER VEHICLES. Page 7 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE .

6 CCH2 CRYOGENIC GAS DENSER THAN LH2. 0102030405060708090100204060801001201401 60180200220240260280300 Temperatur [K]Dichte [g/l]Temperature [K] Density [g/L] CGH2 700 bar / 288 K CcH2 300 bar / 38 K -40 C LH2 1 bara LH2 4 bara CGH2 350 bar / 288 K LH2 CcH2 CGH2 LH2 Liquid HYDROGEN CcH2 CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN CGH2 compressed Gaseous HYDROGEN 33 K 80 g/L 63 g/L +27% x2 40g/L Page 8 Page 9 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE . CCH2 OPERATING REGIME. 0102030405060708090100204060801001201401 60180200220240260280300 Temperatur [K]Dichte [g/l]Temperature [K] Density [g/L] -40 C LH2 CcH2 CGH2 LH2 Liquid HYDROGEN CcH2 CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN CGH2 compressed Gaseous HYDROGEN 33 K Highest possible STORAGE pressure at warm conditions (in CGH2 mode) Highest possible STORAGE pressure at cryo .

7 Conditions Refueling (300K, 38K) Extraction to lowest pressure BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. AGENDA. BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE Strategy Cryocompressed HYDROGEN STORAGE Development Refueling technology Compatibility with infrastructure Conclusion Page 10 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 Modular Super-insulated Pressure Vessel (Type III) Max. usable capacity CcH2: kg (260 kWh) CGH2: kg (83 kWh) Operating pressure 350 bar Vent pressure 350 bar Refueling pressure CcH2: 300 bar CGH2: 320 bar Refueling time < 5 min System volume ~ 235 L System weight (incl.)

8 H2) ~ 145 kg H2-Loss (Leakage| max. loss rate | infr. driver) << 3 g/day | 3 7 g/h (CcH2) | < 1% / year BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 Page 11 CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE . SYSTEM LAYOUT BMW PROTOTYPE 2011. + Active tank pressure control + Load carrying vehicle body integration + Engine/fuel cell waste heat recovery Vacuum enclosure Aux. systems (control valve, regulator, sensors) MLI insulation (in vacuum space) Refueling line Shut-off valve Intank heat exchanger Suspension Coolant heat exchanger COPV (Type III) Secondary vacuum module (shut-off / saftey valves) STORAGE system volume [L] 250 500 750 1000 1250 5 10 0 15 20 70 MPa CGH2 35 MPa CGH2 35 MPa CcH2 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 Page 12 BMW CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE .

9 STORAGE SYSTEM VOLUME COMPARISON. Max. usable STORAGE capacity [kg H2] kWh/L kWh/L kWh/L kWh/L BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 Page 13 BMW CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE . STORAGE SYSTEM WEIGHT COMPARISON. STORAGE system weight [kg] 100 200 300 400 500 5 10 0 15 20 kWh/kg kWh/kg kWh/kg kWh/kg 70 MPa CGH2 35 MPa CGH2 35 MPa CcH2 Max. usable STORAGE capacity [kg H2] BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE , September 28th, 2012 Seite 14 CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE . MAIN FUNCTIONS PERFORMANCE. Refueling densities up to 72 g/L.

10 High CcH2 density after 3-4 refuelings. First cold refueling of ambient STORAGE features 30 g/L HYDROGEN density, second cold refueling more than 50 g/L. First warm CGH2 refueling of cold STORAGE to 32 MPa results in more than 40 g/L refueling density. BMW CcH2 test refuelings confirm the predicted values. CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE . EXTENDED CCH2 OPERATING REGIME - INCREASED PRESSURE VESSEL REQUIREMENTS. 1 Refueling (300 / 57 K) 2 Highest possible STORAGE pressure at cryogenic conditions (subsequent to refueling) 3 Extraction to lowest pressure (subsequent to refueling) 4 Highest possible STORAGE pressure at warm conditions (in CGH2 mode) 5 Out-baking and vacuum generation during production pressure [bar] 1 2 3 5 0 200 400 600 800 1000 temperature [K] 0 40 240 280 320 360 4 80 120 160 200 350 bar CGH2 operating regime (extended)