DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

1 DATA COMMUNICATIONSANDNETWORKING Second Edition FM Page i Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM FM Page ii Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM DATA COMMUNICATIONSANDNETWORKING Second Edition Behrouz A. Forouzan DeAnza College with Catherine Coombs and Sophia Chung FeganBoston burr ridge , IL dubuque , IA Madison, WI new york San Francisco StBangkok Bogot Caracas Lisbon London MadridMexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto FM Page iii Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKINGP ublished by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, new york , NY, 10020.

2 Copyright 2001, 1998 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance book is printed on acid-free 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 0-07-232204-7 Publisher: Thomas Casson Executive editor: Elizabeth A. Jones Developmental editor: Emily J. Gray Senior marketing manager: John T. Wannemacher Senior project manager: Amy Hill Senior production supervisor: Heather D.

3 Burbridge Freelance design coordinator: Gino Cieslik Supplement coordinator: Susan Lombardi New media: Christopher Styles Cover design: Joanne Schopler Cover illustration: Tony Stone Compositor: Interactive Composition Corporation Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company [CIP to come] FM Page iv Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM To Faezeh with love. FM Page v Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM FM Page vi Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM vii BRIEF CONTENTS Contents ixPreface xxvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 21 Chapter 3 The OSI Model 43 Chapter 4 Signals 65 Chapter 5 Encoding and Modulating 91 Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data.

4 Interfacesand Modems 139 Chapter 7 Transmission Media 187 Chapter 8 Multiplexing 231 Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction 273 Chapter 10 Data Link Control 301 Chapter 11 Data Link Protocols 329 Chapter 12 Local Area Networks 369 Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks 413 Chapter 14 Switching 431 FM Page vii Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM viii BRIEF CONTENTS Chapter 15 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 455 Chapter 16 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 471 Chapter 17 505 Chapter 18 Frame Rel ay 525 Chapter 19 ATM 553 Chapter 20 SONET/SDH 593 Chapter 21 NETWORKING and Internetworking Devices 613 Chapter 22 Transport L ayer 657 Chapter 23 Upper OSI L ayers 677 Chapter 24 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 1 705 Chapter 25 TCP/IP Protocol Suite.

5 Part 2, Application Layer 737 Appendix A ASCII Code 777 Appendix B Numbering Systems and Transformation 783 Appendix C Representation of Binary Numbers 791 Appendix D Fourier Analysis 799 Appendix E Hardware Equipment for Error Detection 803 Appendix F Huffman Coding 811 Appendix G LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) Compression Method 817 Appendix H Next Generation of TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 and ICMPv6 825 Appendix I Spanning Tree 839 Glossary 845 Acronyms 877 Index 000 FM Page viii Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM ix TABLE OFCONTENTS Preface xxvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 STUDY DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1 COMMUNICATION 2 Components 3 4 Distributed Processing 4 Network Criteria 5 Applications 6 AND STANDARDS 7 Protocols 7 Standards 8 ORGANIZATIONS 9 Standards Creation Committees 9 Forums 12 Regulatory Agencies 13 OF THE BOOK 13 TERMS AND CONCEPTS 13 14 SET 15 Review Questions 15 Multiple Choice 16 Exercises 18 Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 21 CONFIGURATION 21 Point-to-Point 21 Multipoint 22 22 Mesh 23 Star 25 Tree 25 FM Page ix Wednesday, February 23.

6 2000 2:30 PM x TABLE OF CONTENTS Bus 26 Ring 27 Hybrid Topologies 28 MODE 28 Simplex 29 Half-Duplex 29 Full-Duplex 29 OF NETWORKS 30 Local Area Network (LAN) 30 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 32 Wide Area Network (WAN) 32 33 TERMS AND CONCEPTS 33 34 SET 35 Review Questions 35 Multiple Choice 36 Exercises 38 Chapter 3 The OSI Model 43 MODEL 43 Layered Architecture 43 OF THE LAYERS 47 Physical Layer 47 Data Link Layer 48 Network Layer 49 Transport Layer 51 Session Layer 53 Presentation Layer 54 Application Layer 55 Summary of Layer Functions 56 PROTOCOL SUITE 56 TERMS AND CONCEPTS 57 58 SET 59 Review Questions 59 Multiple Choice 60 Exercises 63 Chapter 4 Signals 65 AND DIGITAL 65 Analog and Digital Data 66 Analog and Digital Signals 66 AND PERIODIC

7 SIGNALS 66 Periodic Signals 67 Aperiodic Signals 67 SIGNALS 68 Simple Analog Signals 68 FM Page x Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM TABLE OF CONTENTS xi AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN 74 SIGNALS 75 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth 76 SIGNALS 79 Decomposition of a Digital Signal 80 TERMS AND CONCEPTS 81 82 SET 83 Review Questions 83 Multiple Choice 84 Exercises 86 Chapter 5 Encoding and Modulating 91 CONVERSION 92 Unipolar 92 Polar 94 Bipolar 97 CONVERSION 102 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 102 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 103 Sampling Rate 104 How Many Bits Per Sample 106 Bit Rate 107 CONVERSION 107 Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion 108 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

8 109 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 111 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 113 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 116 Bit/Baud Comparison 118 CONVERSION 120 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 121 Frequency Modulation (FM) 122 Phase Modulation (PM) 125 TERMS AND CONCEPTS 125 126 SET 127 Review Questions 127 Multiple Choice 128 Exercises 133 Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and Modems 139 DATA TRANSMISSION 139 Parallel Transmission 140 Serial Transmission 141 INTERFACE 143 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 144 FM Page xi Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM xii TABLE OF CONTENTS Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE) 144 Standards 145 EIA-232 Interface 145 INTERFACE STANDARDS 152 EIA-449 153 EIA-530 158 159 Transmission Rate 160 Modem Standards 164 MODEMS 171 Traditional Modems 17156K Modems 172 Why Only 56 Kbps?

9 174 MODEM 174 Downloading 174 Uploading 175 TERMS AND CONCEPTS 175 176 SET 177 Review Questions 177 Multiple Choice 179 Exercises 185 Chapter 7 Transmission Media 187 MEDIA 188 Twisted-Pair Cable 188 Coaxial Cable 192 Optical Fiber 193 MEDIA 200 Radio Frequency Allocation 200 Propagation of Radio Waves 200 Terrestrial Microwave 205 Satellite Communication 206 Cellular Telephony 208 IMPAIRMENT 211 Attenuation 211 Distortion 213 Noise 213 214 Throughput 214 Propagation Speed 215 Propagation Time 215 215 CAPACITY 216 COMPARISON 217 TERMS AND CONCEPTS 218 220FM Page xii Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PMTABLE OF CONTENTS xiii PRACTICE SET 222 Review Questions 222 Multiple Choice 223 Exercises 230 Chapter 8 Multiplexing 231 TO ONE/ONE TO MANY 231 MULTIPLEXING (FDM) 232 MULTIPLEXING (WDM) 235 MULTIPLEXING (TDM) 236 Inverse Multiplexing 244 APPLICATION.

10 THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM 245 Common Carrier Services and Hierarchies 245 Analog Services 246 Digital Services 248 SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) 254 ADSL 254 RADSL 255 HDSL 256 SDSL 256 VDSL 256 257 FTTC in the Telephone Network 257 FTTC in the Cable TV Network 257 TERMS AND CONCEPTS 258 259 PRACTICE SET 261 Review Questions 261 Multiple Choice 262 Exercises 266 Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction 273 OF ERRORS 273 Single-Bit Error 273 Burst Error 274 275 Redundancy 275 REDUNDANCY CHECK (VRC) 277 REDUNDANCY CHECK (LRC) 279 REDUNDANCY CHECK (CRC) 280 Performance 284 284 CORRECTION 287 Single-Bit Error Correction 287 Hamming Code 289 Burst Error Correction 291FM Page xiii Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2.