DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF PAT WALLER DIRECTOR …

1 I DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF PAT WALLER DIRECTOR EMERITA OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE LIFELONG ADVOCATE FOR TRUCK DRIVER occupational safety AND health August 15, 2003 Cover photographs courtesy of Jim West / ii Truck Driver occupational safety and health 2003 Conference Report and Selective Literature Review* Gregory M. Saltzman and Michael H. Belzer Revised February 8, 2007 DEPARTMENT OF health AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for occupational safety and health _____ *The Wayne State University Truck Driver occupational safety and health Conference was held April 24-25, 2003, at the Detroit Metro Airport Doubletree Hotel, Detroit, MI.

2 E. Maynard Aris Professor and Chair, Department of Economics and Management, Albion College, 611 East Porter Street, Albion, MI 49224. Adjunct Research Scientist, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, University of Michigan. Associate Professor of Industrial Relations, Wayne State University, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202. Adjunct Associate Research Scientist, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, University of Michigan. iiDisclaimer Sponsorship of the Truck Driver occupational health Conference and these proceedings by the National Institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH) does not constitute endorsement of the views expressed or recommendations for the use of any commercial product, commodity, or service mentioned.

3 The opinions and conclusions expressed in the presentations and report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of NIOSH. All conference presenters were given the opportunity to review and correct statements attributed to them within this report. Recommendations are not final statements of NIOSH policy or of any agency or individual involved. They are intended to be used in advancing the knowledge needed for improving worker safety and health . This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. Ordering Information To receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at NIOSH Publications Dissemination 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45226 1998 Telephone: 1 800 35 NIOSH (1 800 356 4674) Outside the : 513 533 8328 Fax: 513 533 8573 E-mail: or visit the NIOSH Web site at DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.

4 2007 120 iiiForeword In 2003, NIOSH co-sponsored a conference that brought together researchers from around the world to discuss the safety and health of commercial truck drivers. NIOSH recognizes that these workers merit attention due to the difficult and dangerous nature of their trade. Truck drivers have an unusually high rate of occupational injury, and one of the highest rates of on-the-job fatality. NIOSH is actively working to improve the safety and health of truck drivers. Current Institute projects will increase our understanding of cause-specific mortality among owner-operator truck drivers, the health effects of diesel exhaust particles, and the influence of work organization on truck driver fatigue.

5 Reducing occupational injury and illness among truck drivers is assisted by a coordinated effort, and this conference was an important step towards establishing a national research agenda. The following report and accompanying CD-ROM share the information, insight, and research of the professionals who participated in the conference. Together they provide an overview of the trucking industry, summarize the current state of knowledge regarding truck driver safety and health , and document the topics for future research suggested by the conference participants. NIOSH hopes that these proceedings will be valuable to researchers, industry representatives, policymakers, and the public.

6 John Howard, DIRECTOR , National Institute for occupational safety and health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention iv vContents Foreword .. iii Abbreviations .. vii ix Executive Summary .. x 1 Keynote: The Need for a Research Agenda on Truck Driver occupational safety and health .. 3 Introduction to Trucking: Operations, Labor Markets, and occupational safety and health .. 6 Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Measurement .. 23 Ergonomics, Job Injuries, and 32 Labor Market, Employment Relations, and Personnel Management.

7 39 Fatigue and Truck Driver safety and health .. 46 Causes of Driver Fatigue and Sleep 57 health Consequences of Driver Work Schedules .. 60 health Consequences of Job 62 Social and Behavioral Consequences of Employment as a Truck Driver .. 65 Developing a Research Agenda on Truck Driver occupational safety and health .. 69 81 Appendix 1: Conference Participants and Speaker Profiles .. 96 Appendix 2: Agenda .. 114 The conference also is on the web at viTables Table 1. occupational Injury/Illness of Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) Operators, 1 Table 2.

8 Driving Maximum Hours, Old Rules .. 19 Table 3. Working Maximum Hours, Old 19 Table 4. Driving Maximum Hours, New Rules, Carriers Operating Six Days a Week .. 19 Table 5. Driving Maximum Hours, New Rules Carriers Operating Seven Days a Week .. 20 Table 6. Working Maximum Hours, New Rules Carriers Operating Six Days a Week .. 20 Table 7. Working Maximum Hours, New Rules Carriers Operating Seven Days a Week .. 20 Table 8. Permanent Disability Claims for Unionized LTL 34 Table 9. French Truck Driver Work Hours .. 42 Table 10. Research Needs: Data .. 74 Table 11.

9 Research Needs: Economics and Industrial Organization .. 75 Table 12. Research Needs: 76 Table 13. Research Needs: Interventions and Countermeasures .. 78 Table 14. Research Needs: Dissemination and 80 viiAbbreviations ATA American Trucking Associations BAC Blood alcohol concentration BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics BMCS Bureau of Motor Carrier safety (predecessor to FMCSA) BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics CDLIS Commercial Driver License Information System CFOI Census of Fatal occupational Injuries CPSC Consumer Product safety Commission DHHS Department of health and Human Services DOT Department of Transportation EEC European Economic Community (predecessor of European Union)

10 EEG Electroencephalogram EOBR Electronic on-board recorder EU European Union FACE Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation FARS Fatality Analysis Reporting System FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier safety Administration GH Growth hormone HOS Hours-of-service regulations IBT International Brotherhood of Teamsters ICC Interstate Commerce Commission (abolished 1995) IHD Ischemic heart disease INRETS French National Institute for Transport and safety Research JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association LTCCS Large Truck Crash Causation Study LTL Less than truckload MCMIS Motor Carrier Management Information System NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NCHS National Center for health Statistics NEISS National Electronic Injury Surveillance System NHAMCS National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey NHTSA National Highway Traffic safety Administration NIOSH National Institute for occupational safety