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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AF MANUAL 36-2234 Headquarters ...

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AF MANUAL 36-2234 . Headquarters Air FORCE 1 November 1993. Washington 20330-5000. Education/Training INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. This MANUAL describes the Instructional System Development (ISD) principles and processes for developing education and training programs in the United States Air FORCE . It presents an instructional design model for analyzing, designing, developing, and implementing effective and cost-efficient instructional systems. Applications of the principles and processes in this MANUAL are found in the various volumes of Air FORCE Handbook 36-2235.

6 AFMAN 36-2234 1 November 1993 Introduction This chapter provides information on the background of ISD, how it fits in the total instructional system, and how it relates to Quality Air Force (QAF).

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1 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AF MANUAL 36-2234 . Headquarters Air FORCE 1 November 1993. Washington 20330-5000. Education/Training INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. This MANUAL describes the Instructional System Development (ISD) principles and processes for developing education and training programs in the United States Air FORCE . It presents an instructional design model for analyzing, designing, developing, and implementing effective and cost-efficient instructional systems. Applications of the principles and processes in this MANUAL are found in the various volumes of Air FORCE Handbook 36-2235.

2 This MANUAL applies to all personnel who plan, design, develop, implement, approve, administer, conduct, evaluate or manage Air FORCE instruction. It also applies to Air National Guard (ANG) and Air FORCE Reserve (USAFR) units and members. Table of Contents Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION .. 5. Overview .. 5. 7. Instructional System .. 11. Improvement .. 14. 2. LEARNING THEORY .. 17. Overview .. 17. Approaches .. 17. of Learning .. 18. Theory to the Learning Situation .. 22. 3. 25. Overview .. 25. Instructional Need .. 25. Instructional System Concepts .. 27. _____. Supersedes AFM 50-2, 15 July 1986 (see signature page for summary of changes).

3 No. of Printed Pages: 128. OPR: HQ AETC/XORR (Major Richard O'Neal). Approved by: HQ USAF/DPPE (Col David L. Chase). Distribution: F. 2 AFMAN 36-2234 1 November 1993. Chapter Page Resource Requirements and Constraints .. 28. ISD Management Plan .. 29. ISD Evaluation 30. 4. ANALYSIS .. 31. Overview .. 31. Analysis .. 32. Analysis .. 34. Analysis .. 37. Analysis .. 38. Audience Analysis .. 41. Evaluation Plan Update .. 42. Management Plan Update .. 43. 5. DESIGN .. 45. Overview .. 45. A. Develop 45. Characteristics of Objectives .. 46. Learned Capability .. 47. Condition.

4 47. Standard .. 48. Guidelines for Developing Objectives .. 49. Writing Objectives for Types of Learning .. 49. Hierarchy of Objectives .. 50. Prioritizing, Clustering, and Sequencing Objectives .. 52. Tests .. 54. Existing Materials .. 59. D. Design Instructional Plan .. 60. Select Instructional Method .. 62. Select Media.. 65. Select Media for Integrated Activities .. 67. Determine Instructional 69. Design Instructional Activities .. 72. Implementation Plan .. 73. Instructional Information Management System .. 74. ISD Evaluation Plan .. 75. ISD Management 76. 6. DEVELOPMENT.

5 78. Overview .. 78. Plan of Instruction/Course Syllabus .. 78. Instructional Materials .. 79. Instructional Information Management System .. 82. ISD Evaluation Plan .. 83. AFMAN 36-2234 1 November 1993 3. Chapter Page Management Plan.. 84. 85. Develop Validation 85. Conduct Internal Reviews .. 86. Conduct Individual 87. Conduct Small-Group Tryouts .. 90. Conduct Operational (Field) Tryouts .. 91. Instructional Materials .. 93. 7. 95. Overview .. 95. A. Implement System Functions .. 95. Management Function .. 95. Support Function .. 96. Administration Function .. 98. Delivery Function.

6 99. B. Conduct Instruction .. 99. Preparations for Conducting Instruction .. 100. Guidelines for Conducting Instruction .. 101. C. Conduct Operational Evaluation .. 103. Operational 103. Internal Evaluation .. 104. External Evaluation .. 107. Questionnaires .. 108. Field Visits .. 113. Job Performance Evaluation .. 115. Other Sources of Evaluation Input .. 116. 8. EVALUATION .. 117. Overview .. 117. 118. Evaluation .. 120. Evaluation.. 120. Attachment A - Air FORCE ISD Documents .. 122. Attachment B - 123. Attachment C - Abbreviations .. 125. Attachment D - Definitions.

7 127. List of Figures Page Figure 1. Original Air FORCE ISD Model .. 9. Figure 2. System Functions .. 12. Figure 3. Functions with Phases .. 13. Figure 4. Updated AF ISD Model .. 15. Figure 5. Analysis 43. 4 AFMAN 36-2234 1 November 1993. Figure 6. Design Phase .. 61. Figure 7. Simple to Complex Continuum .. 74. Figure 8. Objective 74. Figure 9. Development Phase .. 111. Figure 10. Implementation Phase .. 136. Figure 11. Evaluation .. 171. AFMAN 36-2234 1 November 1993 5. Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. Overview Purpose Instructional System Development (ISD) is the official Air FORCE process for developing education and training for Air FORCE personnel.

8 AFPD 36-22 directs the use of a systematic approach to Air FORCE instruction. This MANUAL , AFMAN 36-2234 , discusses the background of ISD, describes what it is, explains the ISD process, and provides guidance for finding additional information on specific areas of the process. It also provides the necessary theory and philosophy for developing effective, cost-efficient instruction. Specific applications of the ISD. process are found in a series of handbooks (AFH 36-2235). A list of these handbooks and other ISD documents is in Attachment A. Definition of ISD Instructional system development is a deliberate and orderly, but flexible process for planning, developing, implementing, and managing instructional systems.

9 It ensures that personnel are taught in a cost-efficient way the knowledge, skills, and attitudes essential for successful job performance. Content AFMAN 36-2234 covers the following content areas. The Introduction describes the background and basic concepts of Air FORCE ISD. It compares the original and updated Air FORCE ISD models. It outlines the activities comprising the ISD process and shows how they fit into a total instructional system with evaluation and the principles of quality applied throughout the process. It discusses differences among Air FORCE ISD applications and how the requirements of using commands drive ISD implementation.

10 Learning Theory briefly reviews and updates instructional and learning theories that are incorporated in recent instructional design and suggests directions of future developments. Planning discusses the management and technical concerns that should be addressed before beginning an ISD project. Analysis describes the activities that occur during analysis of instructional need. Design covers the activities and products of the design phase. Development gives the techniques and activities used in producing instructional materials. Implementation describes fielding an instructional system and initiating instructional delivery.


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