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1 IDesalination & water Purification Technologies ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Desalination & water PurificationTechnologiesTechnical Information DocumentGovernment of IndiaDepartment of Atomic EnergyBhabha Atomic Research CentreChemical Engineering GroupDesalination DivisionTrombay, Mumbai 400 0852010II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Desalination & water Purification TechnologiesIIID esalination & water Purification Technologies ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ForewordVPrefac e Flash (MSF) Distillation (MED) Temperature Evaporation (LTE) using Waste Osmosis (RO) using Nuclear in Rural of Department of Atomic Energy in6 Desalination & water & Products Developed by water water of Membrane & UF Spiral Type UF water Purification Membrane - Porous Polysulfone Diaphragm as Separator in11 Electrochemical Assisted Fluoride Removal Assisted Arsenic Removal Assisted Iron Removal Membrane Pouch for Providing Sterile water Solution` from Contaminated Water13 CONTENTSIV~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Desalination & water Purification Flash (MSF) Desalination using Waste Distillation (MED)

2 Using Nuclear System utilising Nuclear Waste & water Purification Systems for Rural Application of UF based water Purification Desalination & water Purification PV based water Treatment Brackish water RO & UF size RO of Valuables from Reject Brine of Desalination of Technical Can to Apply20 Annexure-IMilestones in Thermal Desalination21 Annexure- IIMilestones in Membrane Technologies22 Annexure-IIID esalination & water Purification Technologies and Products23 Developed by BARC- Technical FeaturesAnnexure-IVApplication Form for Technology Transfer from BARC38 VDesalination & water Purification Technologies ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~YeeYee HejceeCeg DevegmebOeeve keW ^e@cyes, cegbyeF&-400 085 YeejleBhabha Atomic Research CentreTrombay, Mumbai 400 085 IndiaRatan Kumar Sinha, FNAE, D Sc (hc)DirectorGovernment of IndiaYeejle mejke ejotjYee<e / Phone: + (91) (22) 2550 5300, 2551 1910 leej:yeeke& -cegbyeF& 400 085 Gram : BARC-MUMBAI - 400 085 Hew ke me /Fax: + (91) (22) 2559 2107, 2550 5151 F&-cesue / E-mail: / keg ceej efmevne, SHe SveSF&, [er Smemeer (S e meer)efveosMeke FOREWORDA bout 40 million people (over 75% are children) are affected by water borne diseases every six million children below 14 years of age suffer from fluorosis due to fluoride contaminationin water .]

3 Arsenic is another dangerous contaminant in ground water . putting at risk more than 10million people in the country. Bacteriological contamination, which leads to diarrhea, cholera, hepatitisetc., is at alert level in India. Contamination due to Iron, hardness and salinity in water are othermajor concern. Medical expenditure on water borne diseases is estimated to be Rs. 2400 crores annualyin the need for Desalination and water purification is destined to grow in the coming years as the requirmentfor water increases. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has been engaged in R&D on desalinationand water purification Technologies for several years and has developed indigenous Technologies wichare available for know-how transfer to interested hope this technical information document will serve the purpose of creating awareness of andappreciation for Desalination and water purification Technologies , among the entrepreneurs, NGOsand other interested groups, so that safe drinking water can be made available to the needy populationin a reliable, sustainable and affordable manner using the indigenous Technologies and supplementingwith market Technologies in an accelerated manner on a significant scale.

4 BARC would encourageentrepreneurs to come forward and make use of the indigenous know-how for wider deployment. (R. K. Sinha)VI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Desalination & water Purification TechnologiesVIID esalination & water Purification Technologies ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PREFACEE arly humans thought that the taste of the water determined its purity. The Sus ruta Samhita, Sanskritwritings about medical concerns (2000 BC), gives evidence that water treatment may well be as ancientas humans are. The Greeks and Romans are well known for their elaborate water systems. These earlywater treatment professionals used a variety of methods to control taste and odor problems in theirwater supplies.

5 A correlation between water quality and health was made, in mid- 19th century inLondon, when a decrease in cholera deaths epidemics were noticed where slow sand filters had World Health Organisation (WHO) has set international guidelines for drinking water . Almost allcountries have drinking water quality regulations, often inspired by WHO guidelines. According to theUnited Nations, over billion people are currently without safe drinking water . It is predicted that asignificant fraction of the global population (over billion people) will be living in areas facing severewater shortages by the year 2025. More than half of the world s hospital beds are occupied by patientssuffering from water borne diseases. Many of these diseases can be prevented by providing safe drinkingwater.

6 The United Nations General Assembly has proclaimed the years 2005-2015 as the InternationalDecade for Action water for Life . Government of India has launched Bharat Nirman Yojana whichincludes drinking water as an important programme. It is in this context, the role of Desalination andwater purification becomes very of water is one of the key drivers under non-power applications of DAE program. Desali-nation Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has been engaged in R&D on various as-pects of Desalination and water purification Technologies starting from basic research work to develop-ment and deployment efforts. Dedicated team of scientists and engineers have contributed substan-tially to the expertise gathered, Technologies developed and know how generated in the research research work carried out has mainly focused on technological innovations, quality, reliability andcommercialization potential of the product/ technology for deployment over large scale.

7 State-of-the-art reliable Technologies have been developed to address the growing need of good quality water forindustries and human have acquired valuable experience on operation and trouble shooting of Desalination and waterpurification plants and are equipped to provide consultancy to interested parties on design, installa-tion, commissioning and operation of these systems. Such consultancies are provided after signing aMemorandum of Understanding (MoU). Several water Technologies developed by Desalination Divi-sion have been transferred to private parties on non-exclusive are thankful to all the scientists and engineers who came forward to share their expertise andinformation in the formulation of this Technical Information Document. This document would nothave been materialised, but for the encouragement and support of Director BARC and Chairman AECfor water document is not intended to provide detailed technical information on various Technologies , butis aimed to provide a glimpse of the Technologies for the entrepreneurs, NGOs and other interestedparties.

8 The purpose of bringing out this technical document is to consolidate the work carried out byDesalination Division (BARC), so that deployment of such Technologies could be accelerated throughthe participation of private entrepreneurs, NGOs and other interested groups. ( Tewari) Head, Desalination DivisionVIII~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Desalination & water Purification Technologies1 Desalination & water Purification Technologies ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1. IntroductionThe world s water consumption rate is doubling every 20 years, outpacing by two times the rate ofpopulation growth.

9 The availability of good quality water is on the decline and water demand is on therise. Worldwide availability of fresh water for industrial needs and human consumption is industrial and developmental activities in recent times have resulted in increasing the pollutionlevel and deteriorating the water quality. water shortages and unreliable water quality are consideredmajor obstacles to achieve sustainable development and improvement in the quality of life. The waterdemand in the country is increasing fast due to progressive increase in the demand of water for irriga-tion, rapid industrialization, population growth and improving life standards. The existing water re-sources are diminishing (i) due to unequal distribution of rain water and occasional drought, (ii) exces-sive exploitation of ground water sources and its insufficient recharge, (iii) deterioration of water qual-ity due to the discharge of domestic and industrial effluents without adequate treatment.

10 This is result-ing into water stress/ scarcity. Country is currently passing through social and economic proportion of the population which is urban has doubled over the last thirty years (and is nowabout 30%), agriculture now accounts for about 25% of GDP and the economy has been growing ataround 7-9% a year. Country has a highly seasonal pattern of rainfall, with 50% of precipitation fallingin just 15 days and over 90% of river flows in just four are areas like Saurashtra and Kutch, Western Rajasthan and the coastal regions of Tamil Naduetc. which face perennial water shortage. In addition, a large number of villages in different parts of thecountry are known to be suffering from excess salinity, fluoride, iron, arsenic and microbial contamina-tions of ground water . Desalination is recognized as a possible means to augment the water supply usingnatural resources for meeting the growing demand of , brackish water and fresh water have different levels of salinity, which is often expressed by thetotal dissolved solids (TDS) concentration.