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DESIGN OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

DESIGN OF HYDRO POWER PLANT WATER CONVEYANS SYSTEM A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by RAMESH SANTHOSH SATHISH in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING RATNAVEL SUBRAMANIAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINDIGUL - 5 ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025 NOVEMBER - 2008 DESIGN OF HYDRO POWER PLANT WATER CONVEYANS SYSTEM A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by 91305103003 RAMESH 91305103333 SANTHOSH 91305103335 SATHISH 91305103338 in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING RATNAVEL SUBRAMANIAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINDIGUL - 5 ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025 NOVEMBER - 2008 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI - 600 025 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report DESIGN OF HYTRO POWER PLANT (WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM) . is the bonafide work of , RAMESH , SANTHOSH , SATHISH who carried out the project work under my supervision.

The objective is to design a hydroelectric plant utilizing optimal energy in the water, with minimum submergence and economic costs, ... heights of dam, cost of electrical machinery of various capacities, environmental costs, rehabilitation costs, etc.).

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Transcription of DESIGN OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

1 DESIGN OF HYDRO POWER PLANT WATER CONVEYANS SYSTEM A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by RAMESH SANTHOSH SATHISH in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING RATNAVEL SUBRAMANIAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINDIGUL - 5 ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025 NOVEMBER - 2008 DESIGN OF HYDRO POWER PLANT WATER CONVEYANS SYSTEM A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by 91305103003 RAMESH 91305103333 SANTHOSH 91305103335 SATHISH 91305103338 in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING RATNAVEL SUBRAMANIAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINDIGUL - 5 ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025 NOVEMBER - 2008 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI - 600 025 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report DESIGN OF HYTRO POWER PLANT (WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM) . is the bonafide work of , RAMESH , SANTHOSH , SATHISH who carried out the project work under my supervision.

2 SIGNATURE SIGNATURE KAMESHWARI, , Mr. , , HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering Ratnavel Subramaniam College of Ratnavel Subramaniam College of Engineering And Technology, Engineering And Technology, Dindigul. Dindigul. Submitted for viva-voce examination held on INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The growing energy demand worldwide on the one hand and the emerging ecological awareness on the other are leading to an increased demand for regenerative energy. As a continuously available base-load energy supply option, hydropower is significant regenerative energy source. Studies to determine new locations for hydropower plants have explored innovative avenues, with due consideration of ecological and economic aspects.

3 There is, however, a strong need for updating the methods for determining establishing and as far as predictable, future developments. The hydropower plants that are currently being realized or about to be realized are predominantly based on old studies, with economic data (investment costs and revenue) having been updated, but without addressing the general actual issue in view of energy demand, ecology and globalization. Water is the most abundant resource in the world, it is important to utilize the POWER of flowing water. The most efficient way to harness the POWER of water is to collect the potential energy. This is done by damming up a body of flowing water. A dam is an object that restricts the flow of water. In today s hydroelectric dams, the restricted water is diverted to a turbine using a penstock and exits the turbine through the tailrace. The turbine is made up of a shaft with blades attached. As a fluid flows through the blades a rotational force is created.

4 This force causes a torque on the shaft. The turbine shaft is coupled to a generator, where electricity is produced. The backbone of most POWER generation system is the generator. An electric generator is any machine that converts mechanical energy into electricity for transmission and distribution. The generator works by spinning a rotor that is turned by a turbine. The rotor is a shaft that has field windings. These windings are supplied with an excitation current or voltage. As the rotor turns, the excitation current creates a magnetically induced current onto a stator. The stator is a cylindrical ring made of iron that is incased by another set of field windings and is separated from the rotor by a small air gap. Hydroelectric generations can vary from 1 watt to 100 s mega-watts. With today s technology it is possible to generate POWER with small scale parameters. With low flow and low head parameters a micro generator can be used to produce electric POWER .

5 From the source of the flowing water, a weir, small scale dam, can be used to restrict the flow of water. From this the water can be piped to a turbine. Since the turbine is coupled to the generator, a micro generator can generate about 1 watt to 100 kilowatts. This generator can be used to POWER residential loads. One of the first steps in planning is to measure the POWER potential of the stream. The amount of POWER that can be obtained from a stream depends on: - The amount of water flow - The height which the water falls (head) - The efficiency of the PLANT to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND The implementation of the requirements is effected through a framework plan. When elaborating the framework plan the following relevant data are incorporated: Basic data-energy aspects: Hydrology: gauge levels from hydrological yearbooks. Topography: catchments area sizes and potential head conditions.

6 Existing facilities: surveying using questionnaires and water registers. Basic data-ecological aspects: General information ( protected areas). Linear information such as morphological structure, distribution of sensitive species along a river stretch. Selective in formation such as biological quality of rivers and streams. CHAPTER 3 NOMENCLATURE Ao = Area of orifice or ports AP = Cross-sectional area of penstocks At = Area of riser of differential surge tank A, = Net cross-sectional area of surge tank A, = Cross-sectional area of head race tunnel J&h = Thoma area of surge tank c = Velocity of propagation of pressure wave D = Diameter of head race tunnel F = Friction factor governing head loss [to be taken from IS : 4880 ( Part 3 ) - 1976 ] F, = Factor of safety over Ath g = Acceleration due to gravity H = Gross head on turbines Ho = Net head on turbines hr = Total head loss in head race tunnel system hrp = Total head loss in penstock system L = Length of head race tunnel Ls, = Length of riser spill in crest m = Reciprocal of Poisson s ratio for rock P = POWER generated Ph = Pressure due to water hammer in the conduit upstream of surge tank Qd = Maximum discharge supplied by the surge tank in case of specified load acceptance R1 = Internal radius of the pressure conduit R2, = Outer radius of the pressure conduit V = Volume of water in surge tank corresponding to Z Y t = Volume of water in the conduit in a given time interval t = V1,At.

7 T vo* = Velocity of flow in tunnel corresponding to maximum steady flow, upstream of surge tank V1* = Velocity of flow in tunnel at any instant, upstream of surge Tank V2* = Velocity of flow in conduit at any instant, downstream of surge tank Z = Water level in surge tank measured positive above reservoir level Zm = Maximum surge level above maximum reservoir level fi, f2, = longitudinal stresses, N/mm2 C = moment coefficient E = modulus of elasticity fi = total circumferential stress, N/mm2 fy = total longitudinal stress, N/mm2 l = height of stiffener ring or ring girder, mm L = span length of pipe, mm M = moments P = internal pressure including water hammer, N/mm2 P1 = total reaction at support, N q1 = shear stress, N/mm2 Y = radius of pipe shell, mm rl = mean radius of shell, mm S = hoop stress in pipe, N/mm2 St = equivalent stress, N/mm2 Sa, S, = principal stresses, N/mm2 I = temperature rise or drop, C t = thickness of pipe shell, mm tl = thickness of stiffener ring or ring girder, mm W = total distributed weight, that is, self-weight of shell + weight of water, N/m2 WI = total weight, that is, weight of shell + weight of water, N z = section modulus of pipe shell, ma = coefficient of linear expansion or contraction of pipe shell material, per C = coefficient of friction.

8 CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVE The objective is to DESIGN a hydroelectric PLANT utilizing optimal energy in the water, with minimum submergence and economic costs, considering seasonal variation in POWER generation to meet the region's demand during all seasons. DEFINITIONS: Head: Water level is the highest possible water level at the station intake in full operation and with zero bypass flow. Tail: Water level is the energy head of the water flowing out of the turbines. Total (gross) head: = Vertical distance between head- and tail water. Gross capacity: Maximum capacity if all head losses, hydraulic and otherwise, are considered zero. Effective head: It is losses subtracted from the gross head at installed capacity output. CHAPTER 5 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS AND PARAMETERS: Assumptions: Detailed geological and topographical investigations carried out by the Department of Mines and Geology to determine the best site for the dam, pressure shaft alignment, POWER house location, etc.

9 , can be used for implementing this DESIGN . Parameters: Input data consist of site specific data (discharge, water yield, generation head, evaporation rate, seepage rate etc.), technical data (efficiency of turbine and generator, and dependability norm for storage capacity, load factor, etc.) and economic data (civil construction costs for various types and heights of dam, cost of electrical machinery of various capacities, environmental costs, rehabilitation costs, etc.). Decision variables: The decision variables determine the optimum storage capacity, installed generation capacity and seasonal POWER drafts; net energy availability in the region (objective function) needs to be maximized subject to seasonal hydrological constraints, and costs and submergence area are to be minimized. CHAPTER 6 HYDRO POWER Head is defined as the difference in elevation between two particular cross sections of the river.

10 Making a head useful for hydropower use needs a concentration by means of hydropower impoundment, diversion or tail water lowering. At the point of concentration the powerhouse is situated. The conversion of the energy potential of the river into electricity requires a turbine (potential and kinetic energy into mechanical energy) [rotation] and a generator [rotation into electrical energy]. The output of a hydropower PLANT is given in terms of POWER [kW] and electricity production [kWh]. Following an equation which computes monthly hydropower production as a function of volume of water discharged (Q), gross head of this water (H) and efficiency of the couple turbine generator (r), between and ). Hydropower (kW) is given by: P (kW) = Q (m3/s) x H (m) x tot x 9,81 and approximately = Q x H x tot = total efficiency ( turbine x generator x speed increaser x trafo) P = electrical POWER output Q = rated discharge H = net head Electricity production - the thing we pay for - is POWER during a certain time period.


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