Design of Roadside Drainage

1 I ALIYU ADAM MIKAIL UB57978 SCI66988 Design of Roadside Drainage (A case study of Kabuga to Tudunyola) A final thesis presented to the academic department of the school of science and engineering In partial fulfillment for the award of bachelor in civil engineering ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAII Summer, 2020 ii Acknowledgement My sincere thank goes to Almighty Allah for his guidance and protection over my life. I m greatly indebted to Dr. Leonardo Salas my advisor for his understanding, patience, tolerance and encouragement, right from the beginning to the end of my thesis.

2 I will also like to thank all the staff at AIU such as my former advisor Dr. Edward Lambert academic coordinator, Dr. Jack Rosenzweig dean of academic affairs, Kimberly Diaz and Virginia Diaz academic tutors for their contributions towards the completion of my program at AIU. I will also like to thank and appreciate my loving friends, course mates and all civil engineering students who have endured all engineering hurdles. Finally, I will like to thank my entire family, especially my parents, brothers and sisters, for their contribution financially, academically and morally, since I was born till to date.

3 May Allah (SWT) reward them abundantly, throughout their life. Certainly, some individuals have also contributed greatly to the successful completion of my thesis. But their names may not be mentioned due to lack of space, their assistance is hereby acknowledged. iii Abstract This thesis work is concerned with the Design of Roadside Drainage , in Kabuga to Tudunyola area of Kano city. The thesis is meant to Design an efficient, safe and economic Drainage system, so as to provide solution to the problems that are encountered.

4 Several Design parameters, tables and constants were used. Among them are rainfall intense of , catchment areas of , , , ,04km2 for the subcatchments of the various conduits. Run off coefficient (K) of Therefore the resulting Design discharges are , , , , for conduits 1,2,3,4,5 which are the same for conduits 6,7,8,9,10 respectively. By the results obtained from table the result shows that; what is obtained from the software is supposed to be used, for all conduits with the exception to the conduit that appear in thirds and eighth line of the table.

5 Moreover, the table is summarized like this; the depth obtained using software in terms of conduits 1,2,3,6,7 and 8. While the ones gotten through manual Design are higher in terms of conduits 4,5,9 and 10. Having completed the Design , the required sections were provided for all the conduits. iv TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - ii Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - iii Table of contents - - - - - - - - - - iv CHAPTER ONE Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1 Historical background - - - - - - - - 2 Statement of the problem - - - - - - - 2 Aims and Objectives - - - - - - - - 2 Aims - - - - - - - - - - 2 Objectives - - - - - - - - - - 2 Scope of the thesis - - - - - - - - 3 Significant of the thesis - - - - - - - - 3 Methodology - - - - - - - - - 3 CHAPTER TWO

6 Literature Review Introduction - - - - - - - - - 4 Types of Drainage - - - - - - - - - 4 Subsurface Drainage - - - - - - - - 5 Surface Drainage - - - - - - - - 5 Cross Drainage - - - - - - - - - 5 Measures adopted for surface Drainage - - - - - 6 Collection of surface water - - - - - - - 6 Classification of side Drainage - - - - - - 6 Categories of Drainage - - - - - - - - 7 Urban storm Drainage - - - - - - - - 7 Highway Drainage - - - - - - - - 7 Land Drainage - - - - - - - - - 7 Effect of poor Drainage system on infrastructures - - - 10 Essence and adequate Drainage system - - - - - 10 v Maintenance of existing Drainage system - - - - - 11 Type of water maintenance - - - - - - - 11 Culverts - - - - - - - - - - 11 Types of culvert flow - - - - - - - - 12 culvert type and materials - - - - - - - 12 Selection of culvert type - - - - - - - - 13 Requirement of highway Drainage system - - - - - 13 Design of surface Drainage - - - - - - - 13 Hydrological analysis - - - - - - - - 13

7 Determination of runoff - - - - - - - 14 Hydraulic Design - - - - - - - - 15 Time of concentration (tc) - - - - - - - 17 CHAPTER THREE Drainage hydrology - - - - - - - - 19 Estimating runoff coefficient C - - - - - - - 20 Rainfall intensity [I] - - - - - - - - 21 Rainfall Intensity [I] - - - - - - - - 22 Catchment area - - - - - - - - - 23 Checking slopes at various locations using a profile leveling - - 26 Determination of runoff - - - - - - - 27 Longitudinal slope and side slope - - - - - - 29 Canal dimensions - - - - - - - - - 29 Freeboard (FB) and Top width (T)

8 - - - - - - 29 Design using SWMM software - - - - - - - 29 CHAPTER FOUR Presentation of Result Design of side Drainage and discussion - - - - - 48 Calculation of top width for conduits 1,2,3,6,7,8 - - - - 48 Calculation of top width for conduits 4,5,9 and 10 - - - - 49 Manual Design - - - - - - - - - 50 vi Design of conduits - - - - - - - - 52 Design of rectangular section - - - - - - - 67 Manual Design method - - - - - - - - 68 Discussions - - - - - - - - - 78 CHAPTER FIVE Conclusion and recommendation Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 83 Recommendation - - - - - - - - - 83 Appendix I - - - - - - - - - - - 85 Appendix II - - - - - - - - - - - 86 Appendix III - - - - - - - - - - - 87 References - - - - - - - - - - - 89 1 CHAPTER ONE Introduction.

9 Drainage is the process of interception and removal of water from over, and under the vicinity of the road surface. Drainage can be surface (where water is conveyed on the road surface and Drainage channels), or surface (water flows underneath the pavement structure). Surface and subsurface Drainage of roads critically affects their structural integrity, life and safety to the users, and is thus important during highway Design and construction. Road designs therefore have to provide efficient means for removal of this water; hence the need for road Drainage designs.

10 Drainage facilities are required to protect the road against damage from surface and subsurface water. Traffic safety is also important as poor Drainage can result in dangerous conditions. Poor Drainage can also compromise the structural integrity and life of a pavement. Drainage systems combine various natural and a manmade facility ditches, pipes, culverts, curbs to convey this water safely. There are several Drainage components that are fairly common in most Drainage system. Successful construction involves selecting the appropriate materials for collection, conveyance, and discharge requirements of any Drainage system.