DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY FORMULATION IN …

1 InternationalAcademic Journal of Arts and Humanities| Volume1, Issue 1, pp. 1-53 International Academic | Open Access | Peer Review | Online Journal Publishers1| PageDETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICYFORMULATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: ACASE OF KENYAA hmed Muhumed AbdiMasters of Arts in International Studies, Institute of Diplomacy and InternationalStudies, University of Nairobi, Kenya 2016 InternationalAcademic Journal of Arts and Humanities (IAJAH)| ISSN2520-4688 Received:16thJune2016 Accepted:23rdJune2016 Full Length ResearchAvailable Online at: :Ahmed, (2016). DETERMINANTS of FOREIGN POLICY FORMULATION indeveloping countries: A case of Academic Journal ofArts andHumanities,1(1), 1-53 InternationalAcademic Journal of Arts and Humanities| Volume1, Issue 1, pp.

2 1-53 International Academic | Open Access | Peer Review | Online Journal Publishers2| PageABSTRACTMany African countries have been unabletobuildupany firmtraditionorestablished pattern of interests behind theirforeign POLICY . African states foreignpolicies are influenced mainly by theglobal political economy. The overallobjective of the study was to examine thedeterminants of FOREIGN POLICY formulationin developing countries in relevance toKenya. Specifically the study aimed; toassess the role of stakeholders in ensuringsuccessful FOREIGN POLICY FORMULATION , toinvestigate the externalfactors influencingforeign POLICY FORMULATION in developingcountries and to investigate whether thereis FOREIGN POLICY shift of Kenya to the study took a multi-method approachwhich incorporates primary and secondaryresearch of FOREIGN and economic policiessince these are likely to be laid thefoundation of understanding and providedthe background behind many of thecontemporary issues which Kenya face.

3 Itincludedtextsoutliningthehistory,confl icts and signed treaties. POLICY papersand speeches, as well as conference andacademic papers on the subject were were gathered from the IMF,World Bank,and the crosssectional survey was used while purposivesamplingwasdone,culminatinginsa mples taken from FOREIGN POLICY decisionunits, and individuals from these primary research was supplementedby semi-structured face to face interviewswith selectedkey informants in form ofrepresentativessuchasdiplomats,ambassa dors, high profile academics, andother government representatives. Thestudy found the way FOREIGN policydecisions are made is influenced by anumber of factors. These include, but arenot limited to, the rationality of thedecision-makers, an issue much exploredwith reference to cognition, bureaucraticcompetition, public opinion, and domesticpolitics.

4 FOREIGN POLICY decision-making isof course also influenced by systemicfactors, such as the international powerstructure. Although these factors areimportant in their own respect, thisstudy sobjective was to assesshow FOREIGN policyformulation proceeds in the context ofKenya s democratisation. In other words,who shapes FOREIGN POLICY in Kenya andhowhasthetransitionfromauthoritariani sm to democracy impactedupon the FOREIGN POLICY decision-makingprocess. Thestudy recommendsthatKenyashould show more political will andwork towards strengthening the EAC usingitsregionaleconomicleadershipbyadvo cating formember countries to openup more industries in the capital and alsoproviding opportunities for the membercountries small and medium enterprises togrow.

5 This therefore means that Kenyashould carry on with its cordial relationsthrough friendly and realistic other nations to engage more inKenya through the joint Words: DETERMINANTS , FOREIGN policyformulation, developing countries, KenyaInternationalAcademic Journal of Arts and Humanities| Volume1, Issue 1, pp. 1-53 International Academic | Open Access | Peer Review | Online Journal Publishers3| PageINTRODUCTIONThe world frontiers of capitalist expansion have widenedin thepost-1945 period through theinternationalization ofindustrial production and the formation of a group of semi-industrialized countrieshas emerged as economic differentiationand stratification havegrown within the so-called Third World. These countries haveagreater ability than the rest of the Third World countries toattract international investmentand capital, allowing them todeepen their industrialization process in the direction of themanufacturing and exportof industrial goods.

6 Their distinctivefeature is a high degree ofcommercial, industrial, and financialintegration into the world economy. Different labelshave beenused to identify this group of countriesnewly industrializingcountries (NICs),upwardly mobile powers,emerging powers,semi-peripheral countries,newinfluentialandsimilar the late 1960s,Kenyahas experienceda growing dynamism of its inter-state relationswithincreasingdiversification of economic, political, and military the sameperiod, the internationalization of the economy hasaccelerated, through the crucial role offinancial and industrialtransnational capital in the productive structure. Most analyses ofKenyanforeign POLICY have focused on either one or the other ofthese two processes, toarrive at quite distinct outcomes as far asKenya s international behavior is guiding standards of the POLICY are: Peaceful existence with neighbors and othercountries; Resolution of contentions by quiet means; Promotion of regionalism; Respect forthe balance, power and regional integrity of states; Respect for international standards,traditions and law; Adherence to the rule of non-alignment; and Justice and equality in theconduct of worldwide relations.

7 The conduct of Kenya's FOREIGN relations is guided by varietyof sources, including authority official documents and declarations. These include: TheConstitution of the Republic of Kenya (1963); The Sessional Paper No. 10/1965 on AfricanSocialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya; The Sessional Paper No. 1/1986 onEconomic Management for Renewed Growth; Manifestos of the governing parties; TheEconomic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (2003-2007); NationalDevelopment Plans; Kenya Vision 2030; and Executive Pronouncements and , R. (1996).Approaches to Comparative and International Politics(Evanston: North-western UniversityPress,).2 Kegley, W. (2005),Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and Neo liberal Challenge(NewYork: St.)

8 Martin s Press).3 Lenczowski, G. (2010).The Middle East in World Affairs(London: Cornell University Press).4 Renouvin, P. (2011).Introduction to the History of International Relations,trans. Mary Ilford (Oxford:Frederick A. Praeger Inc.,).5 Mazrui A. (2007).Cultural Forces in World PoliticsMboya Tom,Freedom and After(London: AndrewDeutsch).InternationalAcademic Journal of Arts and Humanities| Volume1, Issue 1, pp. 1-53 International Academic | Open Access | Peer Review | Online Journal Publishers4| PageSTATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMR elations between Kenya and other state and non state actors in international politics from1990 onward were based on democratic tit-for-tat diplomacy has greatlydamaged the image of to the issue of compliance to the prescriptions ofmany donor countries, the Kenyan case shows the contrary.

9 Much of the conflict with Britain,the United States and the IMF resulted precisely from the rejection of their ideological,political and economic conditionality s and prescriptions. Political and economicdevelopments in Kenya in the past fifteen years have assumed global has alsobeencourtingthe The Look East POLICY .8 Through the POLICY , thegovernment is trying to invitingEastern investors and political allies, namely China,Malaysia and Look East POLICY has sparked mixed reactions on the domestic United States has expressed concern over China s relationship with Kenya, but Chinaallayed such fears by stating that its activities in Africa did not seek to jeopardize the has been break in relationship with many countries with threats of economicsanctions from overall research problem addressed in this study is that despite the various attempts bythe Ministry of FOREIGN Affairs to formulate efficient and favourable FOREIGN policies.

10 Theconcept is not yet well articulated although itis promoted at different levels with has been compounded by uncoordinated approaches of the EconomicDiplomacy between Ministries of Trade, FOREIGN Affairs, and the Presidency. As a result ofthis, the country remains inneed ofa centralized FOREIGN POLICY approach and especially asfar as the pursuit and promotion of external trade is number of studies have been done on the area of FOREIGN POLICY FORMULATION for exampleLee et al., identified the lack of adequatehuman resource andcoordination betweenstakeholders influenced FOREIGN POLICY FORMULATION in study identified thechallenges but did not seek to establish solutions. Morgenthau conducted a study to establish6 Katete, D. (2013). Continuity and Change: Kenya s FOREIGN POLICY from Kenyatta to Moi in Oyugi, W.