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DETERMINATION OF HEA VY MET ALS IN TEXTILE …

AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 9, No2, June 2009 OF HEAVY METALS IN TEXTILE MATERIALSBY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY:VERIFICATION OF THE TEST METHODC inzia Tonetti, Riccardo InnocentiCNR - ISMAC, Institute for Macromolecular StudiesPostal address: Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, ItalyPhone: +39 015 8493043; Fax: +39 015 8408387E-mail address: objective of this research was to identify the analytical steps affecting the quantitative assessment for thedetermination of heavy metals in TEXTILE materials and to test the selected extraction conditions, with the intent ofdeveloping a standardized and shared method that would help promote TEXTILE products, both in terms of safetyfor the environment and health of citizens, and of safety for workers exposed during the production process andfor end users.

AUTEX Research Journal, V ol. 9, No2, June 2009 © AUTEX http://www.autexrj.org/No2-2009/ 66 DETERMINATION OF HEA VY MET ALS IN TEXTILE MA TERIALS

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Transcription of DETERMINATION OF HEA VY MET ALS IN TEXTILE …

1 AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 9, No2, June 2009 OF HEAVY METALS IN TEXTILE MATERIALSBY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY:VERIFICATION OF THE TEST METHODC inzia Tonetti, Riccardo InnocentiCNR - ISMAC, Institute for Macromolecular StudiesPostal address: Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, ItalyPhone: +39 015 8493043; Fax: +39 015 8408387E-mail address: objective of this research was to identify the analytical steps affecting the quantitative assessment for thedetermination of heavy metals in TEXTILE materials and to test the selected extraction conditions, with the intent ofdeveloping a standardized and shared method that would help promote TEXTILE products, both in terms of safetyfor the environment and health of citizens, and of safety for workers exposed during the production process andfor end users.

2 The method was applied to a TEXTILE materials dyed with a chromium dyestuff at two differentconcentrations. The metals analyzed were total Cr and Cr VI. The extraction was carried out by means of theartificial perspiration solution, according to the standard adopted by the most important TEXTILE ecolabellingschemes operating in the European market. The extract was filtered under vacuum and analyzed by means ofatomic absorption spectrometry for total Cr and UV-Visible spectroscopy for Cr VI. The tests were carried outvarying some extraction parameters as temperature of the solution, time of contact and material-to-liquor ratioextraction. Finally the metal extraction profit was derived by the DETERMINATION of total chromium in the results show that the quantity of total chromium and CrVI extracted is affected principally by the temperatureof the solution and by the material-to-liquor ratio extraction, and less by the time of contact.

3 The percentage ofmetal extraction profit vary according to the extraction conditions, from 32% to 44%.Key words:Heavy metals, textiles, atomic absorption spectrometryIntroductionThe past decade has been marked by a growing interest onthe characteristic of the toxicological and ecotoxicological quali-ties of the TEXTILE products. Considering the interaction of thetextiles with the human skin, the chemical substances contentin TEXTILE manufactures can cause allergenic and toxic effectsand they may represent a health hazard to consumers [1].Among them there are carcinogenic amines, toxic heavy met-als, pentachlorophenol and free formaldeyde [2], contained indyes and finishers. Heavy metals often are used in differenttextile processes, as dyeing and printing [3], and they arepresent above all in metal complex dyes.

4 In particular the fastblack dyeing on wool and nylon is carryed out using chromiumbased dye. In fact one of the most widely used dyes in theworld is the chromium dye Mordant Black 11, but in thefuture it will probably be replaced by newly developed dyescontaining less toxic metals like iron [4-5]. The determinationof metal content of different TEXTILE materials is very importantnot only for the safety of the workers exposed during the pro-duction process, but also for the effects of heavy metals on human safety are very wellknown: negative effects on metabolism, damages to organs,heart disease, disorder to nervous system and allergies. More-over, the accumulation of heavy metals in body tissues andbinding to enzymes may disrupt the correct functioning of thecells, with tumours [6] and mutations [7] the use of metals and metal complex dyes isn t pro-hibited in TEXTILE industry, because their abandoning would re-sult in a loss of some important shades like turquoise, bril-liant green, violet, blue or navy shades [5].

5 Actually the heavymetals presence in textiles is not regulated by binding na-tional or European standards, but these parameters are in-cluded in and regulated by almost all voluntary environmentallabels. The most common labels in the TEXTILE industry are theEcolabel and the Oeko-Tex Standard 100. Ecolabel is a volun-tary label and sets specific quality criteria to TEXTILE product [8].The quality criteria are both ecological in nature and based onthe performance of the product. In addition to environmentalparameters, the Ecolabel establishes limits on the permittedlevels of pesticides, heavy metals and other toxic Oeko - Tex label [9] was conceived to protect safety of theconsumers, is applied to TEXTILE sector and to finished prod-ucts with a subdivision into products for a generic use and products with skin contact.

6 In that last case, there is a furthersubdivision into products for children and products for grown-up people . The Oeko - Tex Standard 100 prohibits or limits theuse of some chemical substances that are dangerous for thehuman safety. In particular, according to the requirements ofOeko - Tex the products are controlled for pH, formaldeyde,dyes that can release aromatic amines or can cause allergiesto the skin, extractable heavy metals, pentachlorophenol andpesticides [10]. The application of these provisions, however,has also highlighted some technical problems regarding theavailability of laboratory methodologies that are sufficientlysensitive, specific and reproducible for testing chemicals safetyon TEXTILE materials. There is an insufficient Research Journal, Vol.

7 9, No2, June 2009 inter-laboratory reproducibility of the analytical techniquesand there are not unequivocal and shared methods. In manycases, moreover, official methods are not available and there-fore the individual laboratories apply in-house or non-stan-dard methods [11].Because heavy metals may represent a health hazard to con-sumers and there are some problems regarding intra andinter-laboratory reproducibility of the methods for their deter-mination in textiles, the aim of this study was to investigate themethod for the analytical DETERMINATION of extractable heavymetals from TEXTILE products in a acid perspiration first step of the work was based on the collaboration of fivedifferent laboratories belonging to organizations that operate,in varying degrees, in the TEXTILE industry and thus are techni-cally competent to carry out all the relevant operations cor-rectly.

8 The project, that was funded by the Italian National Insti-tute for Occupational Safety and Prevention (ISPESL) and car-ried out for 17 months, concerned chromium, cobalt, copperand nickel DETERMINATION in handmade textiles of different fi-bers composition and colour. The results are interesting [12]and reveal discrepancies between analytical data producedfrom the same sample, with a shared method, by the partici-pating laboratories and also within the laboratories them-selves. The analysis of the analytical procedure used in thelaboratories seems to indicate the phase of the metal removalfrom the fibrous matrix into the extraction solution as the criti-cal passage of the second step of the work was to investigate in depth theextraction method at single laboratory level and to study theparameters that could affect the heavy metals release intosaline solution.

9 The attention was focused on the determina-tion of total chromium and its hexavalent form, because theprevious work showed that, between all the metal analysed,the chromium extraction results were the less , the metal extraction profit was derived by the deter-mination of total chromium in the ashes, to verify the efficiencyof the debugged objective of this research was to identify the critical pas-sage of the analytical procedure, with the intent of developinga standardized and shared method that would help promotetextile products, both in terms of safety for the environment andhealth of citizens, and of safety for workers exposed during theproduction process and for end tests were carried out on a pure wool top, dyed with blackchromium dyestuff at two different concentrations.

10 Dyeing wascarried out in the laboratory, using a suitable dyeing appara-tus, under controlled process conditions to guarantee a sub-stantial homogeneity in the absorption and distribution of thedye on the the chemicals (chlorohydrate L-istidine monohydrate, so-dium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, so-dium hydroxide, 1,5-diphenylcarbazide, nitric acid) used forthis research work were grade, supplied by Sigma Aldrich,Fluka e Carlo Erba. The chromium standard solution used forcalibration was prepared by diluting a stock solution of 1000mg/l supplied by Perkin Elmer. Distilled water was used for perkin Elmer AAnalyst 4100 ZL atomic absorption spectrom-eter was used in this study. Total Cr in the extraction solutionwas determined by THGA graphite furnace using argon asinert gas.


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