Development of Soil Cleanup Objectives - Technical Support ...

1 I New york State Brownfield Cleanup Program Development of soil Cleanup Objectives Technical Support document Prepared By: New york State department of environmental conservation and New york State department of Health September 2006 ii Table of Contents Executive Summary .. 1 9 Land Use Descriptions .. 11 Target Chemicals .. 13 Identification of Target Chemicals .. 13 Protection of Human Health .. 23 Toxicity Toxicity Values for Systemic Health Effects (Non-Cancer and Cancer Human Health Effects) .. 23 Established Methods for the Derivation of Contaminant-Specific Toxicity 23 General Methods for the Derivation of Non-Cancer Toxicity Values.

2 24 Selection of Toxicity Values for Non-Cancer 26 General Method for the Derivation of Cancer Toxicity Values .. 27 Selection of Toxicity Values for Cancer Effects .. 31 Adjustments to Toxicity Values for Cancer Effects Based on the Potentially Increased Sensitivity of Children to the Carcinogenic Effects of Early-Life Exposures .. 32 Additional Considerations in the Selection of Toxicity Values .. 36 Toxicity Values for Inorganic Lead .. 38 Summary .. 42 Combining Toxicity Values for Systemic 53 Toxicity Values for Dermal Exposures .. 53 Combining Toxicity Values for Oral/Dermal Exposures and Inhalation Exposures.

3 53 Assessment of the Potential for Acute Toxicity in Children Who May Ingest A Large Amount of soil .. 57 Selection of Contaminants for Analysis .. 57 Derivation of Provisional Acute Reference 58 Discussion .. 60 Summary .. 63 Toxicity Values for Non-Allergic Skin 70 Skin Structure .. 70 Derivation of Skin Reference Doses .. 71 Summary .. 72 Systemic Health Effects from Exposure to Mixtures .. 76 Mixtures of Chemically-Related Contaminants .. 77 Other Mixtures .. 83 Exposure Assessment .. 93 Exposure Scenarios and Exposure Pathways .. 93 Unrestricted Land Use .. 93 Residential Land 95 Restricted Residential Land Use.

4 95 Commercial Land 95 iii Industrial Land Use .. 99 Summary of Receptors and Pathways Across Land Uses .. 100 Exposure Assessment Parameters and Values .. 103 soil Ingestion Pathway .. 103 Inhalation Pathway .. 113 Dermal Pathway .. 129 Dietary Exposure 140 Compensating for the Potential of Non-Site Exposures to Contaminants (Non-Cancer Human Health Effects) .. 166 Current Methods to Compensate for Aggregate Exposure In the Derivation of Medium-Specific Guidelines Based on Non-Cancer Effects .. 167 Method to Compensate for Non-Site Contributions to Aggregate Exposure in the Derivation of SCOs Based on Non-Cancer 169 Calculation of Chronic Human Health-based soil Cleanup 181 Chronic soil Ingestion SCOs.

5 183 Unrestricted Land Use .. 183 Restricted Residential Land Use .. 187 Commercial Land 189 Industrial Land Use .. 190 Chronic Inhalation 194 Unrestricted, Residential and Restricted Residential Land Use .. 194 Commercial Land 197 Industrial Land Use .. 201 Chronic Dermal Absorption SCOs .. 205 Unrestricted, Residential and Restricted Residential Land Use .. 205 Commercial Land 207 Industrial Land Use .. 209 Chronic Lead SCOs .. 213 Unrestricted, Residential and Restricted Residential Land Use .. 213 Commercial Land 217 Industrial Land Use .. 217 Combined Pathway Chronic SCOs.

6 223 Chronic Human Health-based SCOs .. 224 Calculation of Acute soil Ingestion SCOs .. 245 Acute soil Ingestion SCOs .. 246 Calculation of Irritant Contact Dermatitis SCOs .. 247 Irritant Contact Dermatitis SCOs .. 249 Final Human Health-based 250 SCOs for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) .. 255 Groundwater .. 258 Introduction .. 258 Background .. 258 History .. 258 Determination of 259 Determination of Impact on Groundwater .. 261 Summary .. 262 iv Hierarchy of Authoritative Bodies .. 262 Protection of Ecological Resources .. 268 Risk Levels and Exposure 268 Derivation Methodology for ESCOs.

7 269 Toxicity to Plants via Direct 270 Toxicity to soil Invertebrates via Direct Exposure .. 271 Toxicity to Birds and Mammals via Food Chain Exposure (Bioaccumulation) .. 272 Derivation of Parameters Used for ESCO Wildlife 277 Body Weights ..277 Food Consumption Rates .. 278 Uptake 279 Example Calculation for Bioaccumulation Based ESCOs .. 281 Ecological soil Cleanup Objectives (ESCOs).. 283 285 Acronyms .. 289 Definitions and 290 Modification of SCOs .. 292 Background soil Concentrations (Public Health) .. 292 Definition of Background soil Concentration .. 292 The Statewide Rural Surface soil Survey.

8 293 Screening Process to Select Focus Analytes .. 294 Results of Screening 296 Process for Establishing 297 RSBCs for 297 RSBCs for PAHs .. 307 RSBCs for Other Organic 312 Summary of RSBCs .. 313 Background soil Concentrations (Ecological) .. 329 Cap Approach and Values .. 332 Detection Limits .. 334 Other Considerations .. 335 Vapor Intrusion 335 Migration of soil Contaminants into Indoor Air .. 335 Existing Structures .. 335 Future Structures .. 336 US EPA Recommendations for soil Screening .. 337 Approach .. 338 Protection of Adjacent Residential Uses.

9 340 Exposure to Residual Contaminants at a 342 Cleanup Levels Achieved at Other Sites .. 343 Final SCO Tables from Part 344 v List of Figures Figure .. Log-linear Regression Plot of Empirical Uptake Factors (BAF) for Various Organic Chemicals Versus LogKow (US EPA, 2003)..165 vi List of Tables Table Target Compound List/Target Analyte List 16 Table Initial soil Cleanup Objectives Priority 19 Table soil Cleanup Objectives Priority 21 Table List of Authoritative Bodies Evaluated for Toxicity 49 Table Toxicity Values for Priority 50 Table Evidence That Arsenic and Naphthalene Do Not Pose a Substantial Risk of Acute Toxicity to Children Who May Ingest Large Amount of 67 Table Acute Reference Doses for Use in Calculation of Acute SCOs for Seven 68 Table Doses.

10 Exposure Conditions and Health Effects from Studies Used to Identify Acute Reference Doses for Use in an Analysis of the Potential for Acute Toxicity in Children Who May Ingest Large Amounts of 69 Table Skin Reference Doses for Use in Calculation of SCOs for Chromium, Nickel, Phenol and SVOCs (see Appendix C for details on derivation of reference doses).. 75 Table Evaluations of the Human Carcinogenic Potential of 15 PAHs on the Brownfield Cleanup List of Priority Contaminants by the National Toxicology Program (NTP), the US environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).. 91 Table Relative Potency Factors (RPF)