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DICTIONARY OF TOBACCO TERMS - Smoke-Free

DDDDIIIICCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNNAAAARRRRYYYY OOOOFFFF TTTTOOOOBBBBAAAACCCCCCCCOOOOTTTTEEEERRRR MMMMSSSSPHYSICIANS FOR A Smoke-Free CANADASEPTEMBER 1999 ACTIVATED CARBON:An amorphous form of carbon which is speciallytreated to produce a very large surface area, rangingfrom 300 to 2000m2/g. The large surface area meansthat the internal pore structure has been very highlydeveloped, providing activated carbon with the abilityto adsorb gases and vapors from gases, and dissolvedor dispersed substances from liquids. Almost anycarbonaceous material of animal, vegetable or mineralorigin can be converted into activated carbon throughproper treatment. There are two distinct types ofactivated carbon recognized commercially: LiquidPhase, or decolorizing, carbons which are generallylight, fluffy powders. Gas Phase, or vapor adsorbent,carbons which are hard, dense granules or DILUTIONaka CIGARETTE VENTILATION; FILTER DILUTION(in the case of tipping paper) The dilution ofMAINSTREAM smoke with air from the atmosphere;affected by the natural POROSITY and by thePERFORATIONS of the cigarette paper and/or thetipping paper.

dictionary of tobacco terms physicians for a smoke-free canada september 1999

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Transcription of DICTIONARY OF TOBACCO TERMS - Smoke-Free

1 DDDDIIIICCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNNAAAARRRRYYYY OOOOFFFF TTTTOOOOBBBBAAAACCCCCCCCOOOOTTTTEEEERRRR MMMMSSSSPHYSICIANS FOR A Smoke-Free CANADASEPTEMBER 1999 ACTIVATED CARBON:An amorphous form of carbon which is speciallytreated to produce a very large surface area, rangingfrom 300 to 2000m2/g. The large surface area meansthat the internal pore structure has been very highlydeveloped, providing activated carbon with the abilityto adsorb gases and vapors from gases, and dissolvedor dispersed substances from liquids. Almost anycarbonaceous material of animal, vegetable or mineralorigin can be converted into activated carbon throughproper treatment. There are two distinct types ofactivated carbon recognized commercially: LiquidPhase, or decolorizing, carbons which are generallylight, fluffy powders. Gas Phase, or vapor adsorbent,carbons which are hard, dense granules or DILUTIONaka CIGARETTE VENTILATION; FILTER DILUTION(in the case of tipping paper) The dilution ofMAINSTREAM smoke with air from the atmosphere;affected by the natural POROSITY and by thePERFORATIONS of the cigarette paper and/or thetipping paper.

2 The percent of a 1050 cc/min rate offlow that is drawn in through the dilution also AIR PERMEABILITY, DIFFUSION, DEGREEOF VENTILATIONAIR PERMEABILITYOf cigarette paper in ml/min/cm2, the volume of air inml (20 C, 760 torr, 55-65% RH) that passes through 1cm2 of a flat specimen of the paper in 1 minute when anegative pressure of 100 mm water column (in thecase of normal and naturally porous papers) or 25 mmwater column (in the case of perforated papers) isapplied to one side of the specimen. In the latter case,the value obtained should be multiplied by 4. Thereare two kinds of air permeability: POROSITY basic substance of plant origin which contains acyclic nitrogenous nucleus. TOBACCO alkaloids are, forthe most part, 3-pyridyl derivatives. Some, however,are acidic in nature. The most abundant alkaloid intobacco is NICOTINE: 95-97% nicotine plus RETENTIONBy a filter, where alkaloid retention is R: thepercentage of the total alkaloid entering the filter that isretained by the TESTB ioassay for mutagenesis, using bacteria as target, todetect and screen for potentially TARA measurement of a cigarette s smoke delivery; nowreplaced by measuring TOTAL PARTICULATEMATTER (TPM).

3 Whole (wet) tar was baked to A 50- to 75-pound case of unfermented TOBACCO ,EXTRUDED The rectangular packaging of leaf on the farm,BURLEY farm A 1000-pound rectangular case of celluloseacetate filter ; BM; BW; EC/1 Microorganisms used to remove nicotine and nitratefrom TOBACCO simultaneously. (Cellulomonas sp.;Pseudomonas putida; Erwinia carotovora)BIDIA form of cigarette found in India, consists ofgranulated TOBACCO rolled in a section of Indian ebonyleaf and tied with thread. Also called TOBACCOA type of dark TOBACCO grown mainly, but notexclusively, in the South American and CentralAmerican countries as well as in Cuba, Spain, andFrance. The strong varieties are usually used as cigarfillers. Black TOBACCO which is SUN-CURED (cured inthe open air) is known as dark air-cured . Lightvarieties, such as Paraguay and its hybrids, are mostlyAIR-CURED in barns. Light black tobaccos are used insome cigarette blends in European (grown in Louisiana) is a black tobaccoused in pipe TOBACCO blends.

4 See also TOBACCOBy way of contrast with BLACK TOBACCO , blondtobaccos are the BURLEY and FLUE-CURED tobaccos so popular in the United States. See alsoBLACK MOULDP eronospora tabacina; a fungus which attacks tobaccoin the seedbeds, prevalent in nearly all growing called DOWNY FLUE-CURED TOBACCO . See also CURINGA curing process employed for FLUE-CURED is suspended in the curing atmosphere in and temperature control are made precisethrough the use of a forced draft which passes theheated air in a vertical plane through the lightly packedleaves in a completely closed system. Experimentshave been performed on the bulk curing ofMARYLAND and ORIENTAL tobaccos as well, but todate the results have not proven acceptable. Alsocalled COMPACT CURING and INTACT AIR-CURED TOBACCO . Burley TOBACCO is grown inrich limestone soils, primarily in Kentucky andTennessee. It is light brown to reddish brown in colorand has a somewhat greater FILLING POWER thanFLUE-CURED TOBACCO . Burley is light in body, with alow sugar content and high alkaloid content.

5 Burleysmoke is more basic (higher pH) than that of FLUE-CURED CAPACITYThe surface, mass, or length of a burned cigarette;expressed as a percent of the whole used for ZONETEMPERATUREThe temperature of a burning cigarette at the pointwhere the coal meets the paper; measured by infraredor with thermocouples. Reported during puffing to be850 900 C. See also COAL, PEAK FILTERaka FTC FILTER A trapping device developed in 1959and used universally on smoking machines for thecollection of particulate matter; consists of discs 44mm in diameter from CM 113A fiberglass sheet(Cambridge Filter Corp., Syracuse, NY).Specifications: it shall collect at least of allparticles over m in diameter and of mdiameter particles at a flow rate of 28 linear ft/min;have a maximum pressure drop not exceeding 93 mmof water at 28 ft/min; contain not more than 5% of theacrylic type binder. A trap (using O-ring fiberglass filterdisc and a rubber membrane) used on smokingmachines to collect TOTAL PARTICULATE MATTER(TPM).

6 CAMVER TESTBAT Hamburg test to measure the time required forsmoke to block a CAMBRIDGE FILTER undercontinuous draw maximum and minimum weight/PRESSUREDROP achievable by a given TOW item in a specificFILTER rod HARDENINGH ardening and shrinking of particles caused by dryingfrom the surface faster than moisture migration fromthe additives applied to improve moistureretention and smoking ability; the process of applyingthese additives to TOBACCO . A mixture ofHYGROSCOPIC AGENTS and/or plasticizing agentsand volatile or nonvolatile flavoring agents applied totobacco to condition it for processing (to reducebreakage, facilitate cutting, etc). Some commonlyknown flavoring agents are: cocoa, chocolate, licorice,ginger, cinnamon, vanilla, molasses, rum, brandy,maple syrup, certain esters and oils, honey, and also: TOP ACETATEA white, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic solid used formaking cigarette filters. Cellulose acetate, also knownas secondary acetate, is a partially acetylatedcellulose, having an average degree of substitution acetyl groups per glucose FIRMNESSA cigarette rods resistance to compression; the forcerequired to deform cigarettes a preselected amount;the deformation of a cigarette after a predeterminedtime at a given pressure; sometimes referred to asCIGARETTE HARDNESS.

7 See PAPERThe wrapping surrounding the CIGARETTE ROD. Flaxand hemp papers are the most common cigarettepapers, although kenaf, esparto grass, rice straw,high-quality cellulose, etc. may be used as well. To thepaper may be added any number of chemicals; carbonate will improve (increase) porosity andcombustion; magnesium carbonate will improve ashcolor; titanium oxide will whiten the ash; andpotassium nitrate will give the ash greater paper which encloses the TOBACCO column iscalled the cigarette wrapper. The cigarette wrappershould have a neutral taste (unless it has beenspecifically flavored), should have a white ash thatdoes not drop from the cone while burning, and shouldburn evenly without leaving a black edge. See alsoPLUG WRAP, TIPPING RODThe combined form of shredded and blended tobaccowrapped in cigarette SIZEThe dimensions of a finished cigarette. Thecircumference of most cigarettes is approximately 25mm. The length, however, varies greatly. A Regularcigarette is 70 mm; a King-Size one is 85 mm; a SuperKing-Size or 100 is 100 mm; and the Longs or 120 sare 120 mm.

8 The first 85 mm brand in the UnitedStates was Pall Mall (1939); the first 100 mm was thePall Mall filter (1965); the first 120 mm was the Morefilter (1975); (The long size was originally introducedwith the Marlboro filter in 1954. It was 80 mm inlength.)CIGARETTE SMOKEAEROSOLThe condensed and cooled mixture of gases passingdown the TOBACCO rod and issuing through the filterend. The aerosol contains from 108 to 1010particles/cm3, ranging in size from < toapproximately in SMOKEC igarette smoke that is condensed or trapped by amethod which attempts to collect all of the smoke . Thisincludes, , IMPACTION TRAP, ELMENHORSTCONDENSATECOLD TRAP, and ELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATION. This does not include the processused to collect TPM (TOTAL PARTICULATEMATTER). Also nonvolatile cigarette smokecondensate, CRUDE smoke CONDENSATE, DRYSMOKE AIR DILUTIONCOALThe burning cone at the lighted end of a cigarette. Seealso BURNING ZONE RETENTIONCR. Ability of a burning cigarette to retain its fire duringsmoking; number of cigarettes that retain their coalafter testing on a coal retention shaker, expressed asa STRENGTHThe ability of the burning cone of a cigarette to remainfirmly attached to the rod throughout vibrations towhich it may be subjected; dependent on firmness,moisture, size of cut, packing and paper.

9 Also calledfire retention, BURNING ZONE interaction of TOBACCO with oxygen to produce heatand light. Combustion of TOBACCO is a flameless,glowing one. TOBACCO is oxidized inefficiently, resultingin DISTILLATION PRODUCTS, PYROLYSIS productsand PYROSYNTHESIS products, as well as theexpected CO2, H2O and other gases See alsoPYROLYSIS, PYROSYNTHESIS, instrument used to measure CIGARETTEFIRMNESS by deformation; consists of a plunger, atimer, an amount-of-deformation indicator and thecapacity to test 15 cigarettes. See also tendency for a smoker to obtain a similar delivery,intake and uptake of smoke constituents, on a dailybasis, from a variety of products with different standard(machine-smoked) COMPENSATION - when daily intake of smokeconstituents is independent of standard delivery ofproduct COMPENSATION - when a smokers behavior(including consumption, puffing and inhalation) is thesame regardless of the product, and smoke uptakedepends on the standard de Cooperation pour les RecherchesScientifiques Relatives au Tabac.

10 An internationalorganization of representatives from the tobaccoindustry, sharing scientific/technical informationrelating to the TOBACCO plant as well as attempt by this international TOBACCO organizationto standardize testing procedures for the several standards were issued, it was decidedthat future work should be done under the guide of theInternational Organization for Standardization, whichcreated a TOBACCO Technical Committee for thispurpose. While the ISO is reviewing the standardsneeded, CORESTA is continuing to publish what theyare now calling recommended methods forimmediate laboratory RATIOA mount of crimping of cellulose acetate in forming SMOKECONDENSATECORESTA Standard definition; the weight of thatportion of the total smoke which is trapped in thesmoke trap; reported in mg per cigarette (mg/cig). Seealso CIGARETTE smoke drying process for newly harvested TOBACCO . AIRCURING is performed in widely ventilated barns undernatural atmospheric conditions (from which the namecomes) with little or no artificial heat; it takes 3-12weeks.


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