Dietary DRI Reference Intakes - USDA

1 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient ntakesDRIC opyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient National Academy of Sciences. All rights Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient ntakesDRIThe EssentialGuide toNutrientRequirementsJennifer J. Otten, Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig, Linda D. Meyers,EditorsTHE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESSW ashington, National Academy of Sciences. All rights Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the GoverningBoard of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils ofthe National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti-tute of project was supported by Contract No.

2 4500096095 between the National Acad-emy of Sciences and Health Canada and by the National Research Council. Any opin-ions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are thoseof the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agenciesthat provided support for this of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataDietary Reference Intakes : the essential guide to nutrient requirements / Jennifer J. Otten,Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig, Linda D. Meyers, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-309-10091-7 (hardback) ISBN 0-309-65646-X (pdfs) 1. Nutrition. Evaluation. 3. Reference values (Medicine) I. Otten, Jennifer J. II. Hellwig,Jennifer Pitzi. III. Meyers, Linda D. 2006 dc22 2006015626 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, , Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202)334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences.

3 All rights in the United States of serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost allcultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as alogotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held bythe Staatliche Museen in National Academy of Sciences. All rights Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do. GoetheAdvising the Nation. Improving National Academy of Sciences. All rights Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society ofdistinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to thefurtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.

4 Upon theauthority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a man-date that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter ofthe National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. Itis autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing withthe National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal govern-ment. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimedat meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the supe-rior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academyof Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sci-ences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the ex-amination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public.

5 The Institute actsunder the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressionalcharter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to iden-tify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is presidentof the Institute of National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy spurposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning inaccordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has becomethe principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the Na-tional Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, andthe scientific and engineering communities.

6 The Council is administered jointly by bothAcademies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf arechair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research National Academy of Sciences. All rights Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient book is a selective summary of the series of publications on DietaryReference Intakes (DRIs). Its goal is to serve as a practical, hands-on ref-erence to help guide health professionals in the United States and Canadain their day-to-day task of assessing and planning for the nutrient needs ofindividuals and groups of people. The book also provides educators with a toolfor guiding students in the understanding of the DRI concept and use of thereference values. It is derived from work authored by the Food and NutritionBoard (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine (IOM).

7 This book is not meant to replace the original DRI series of nutrient refer-ence values published between 1997 and 2005 nor is it intended to be a thor-ough representation of the series. Based on material from the original DRI se-ries, this book stays true to the findings and recommendations from the originalreports. Without introducing new data or conclusions, this document recastsessential ideas from the original reports in an accessible and more DRI values and paradigm replace the former Recommended DietaryAllowances (RDAs) for the United States and Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) for Canada. In the past, RDAs and RNIs were the primary values avail-able to and Canadian health professionals for planning and assessing thediets of individuals and groups. The DRIs represent a more complete set ofvalues.

8 They were developed in recognition of the growing and diverse uses ofquantitative Reference values and the availability of more sophisticated approachesfor Dietary planning and assessment all Reference values in this book are based on data, available datawere often sparse or drawn from studies with significant limitations in address-ing various questions confronted by the original DRI panel and , although governed by scientific rationale, informed judgments were of-ten required in setting Reference values. Where data were available, criteria ofnutritional adequacy were carefully identified; these criteria are listed in tablesin each nutrient are urged to recognize that the DRI process is iterative in expect that the DRI conceptual framework will continue to evolve and beimproved as new information becomes available and is applied to an expandinglist of nutrients and other food components.

9 Thus, because the DRI activity isongoing, comments were solicited widely and received on the originally pub-lished reports of this series. With more experience, the proposed models forCopyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient Reference Intakes of nutrients and other food components that playsignificant roles in promoting and sustaining health and optimal functioningwill be refined. Also, as new information or new methods of analysis are adopted,these Reference values undoubtedly will be reassessed. This book will be up-dated in the future as the original series is book has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for theirdiverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with proceduresapproved by the National Research Council s Report Review Committee.

10 Thepurpose of this independent review is to provide candid, confidential, and criti-cal comments that will assist the institution in making its published book assound as possible and to ensure that the book meets institutional standards. Wewish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: LawrenceAppel, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Stephanie A. Atkinson, McMasterUniversity; Susan I. Barr, University of British Columbia; Ann M. Coulston, ElyLilly and Co.; John W. Erdman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;Norman I. Krinsky, Tufts University; Joanne R. Lupton, Texas A&M University;Suzanne Murphy, University of Hawaii; Roy M. Pitkin, University of California,Los Angeles; Robert M. Russell, Tufts these reviewers provided many constructive comments and sug-gestions, they were not asked to endorse nor did they see the final draft of thebook before its release and publication.