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DROUGHTS & FLOODS ASSESSMENT AND …

DROUGHTS & FLOODS ASSESSMENT ANDMONITORING using remote SENSINGAND JeyaseelanCrop Inventory and Drought ASSESSMENT DivisionNational remote Sensing AgencyDepartment of Space, Govt. of India, HyderabadAbstract : Space technology has made substantial contribution in all the three phasessuch as preparedness, prevention and relief phases of drought and flood disastermanagement. The Earth Observation satellites which include both geostationary andpolar orbiting satellites provide comprehensive, synoptic and multi temporal coverageof large areas in real time and at frequent intervals and thus - have become valuablefor continuous monitoring of atmospheric as well as surface parameters related todroughts and FLOODS . Geo-stationary satellites provide continuous and synopticobservations over large areas on weather including cyclone monitoring .

DROUGHTS & FLOODS ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS A.T. Jeyaseelan Crop Inventory and Drought Assessment Division National Remote Sensing Agency

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1 DROUGHTS & FLOODS ASSESSMENT ANDMONITORING using remote SENSINGAND JeyaseelanCrop Inventory and Drought ASSESSMENT DivisionNational remote Sensing AgencyDepartment of Space, Govt. of India, HyderabadAbstract : Space technology has made substantial contribution in all the three phasessuch as preparedness, prevention and relief phases of drought and flood disastermanagement. The Earth Observation satellites which include both geostationary andpolar orbiting satellites provide comprehensive, synoptic and multi temporal coverageof large areas in real time and at frequent intervals and thus - have become valuablefor continuous monitoring of atmospheric as well as surface parameters related todroughts and FLOODS . Geo-stationary satellites provide continuous and synopticobservations over large areas on weather including cyclone monitoring .

2 Polar orbitingsatellites have the advantage of providing much higher resolution imageries, eventhough at low temporal frequency, which could be used for detailed monitoring ,damage ASSESSMENT and long-term relief management. Advancements in the remotesensing technology and the Geographic Information Systems help in real timemonitoring, early warning and quick damage ASSESSMENT of both drought and flooddisasters. In this lecture the use of remote sensing and GIS and the global scenario forthe drought and flood disaster management is and FLOODS are water-related natural disasters which affect a widerange of environmental factors and activities related to agriculture, vegetation,human and wild life and local economies. Drought is the single most importantweather-related natural disaster often aggravated by human action, since itaffects very large areas for months and years and thus has a serious impact onregional food production, life expectancy for entire populations and economicperformance of large regions or several countries.

3 During 1967-1991, droughtsSatellite remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Agricultural Meteorologypp. 291-313292 DROUGHTS & FLOODS ASSESSMENT and Monitoringhave affected 50 per cent of the billion people who suffered from all naturaldisasters and killed 35 per cent of the million people who lost their the recent years large-scale intensive DROUGHTS have been observed in allcontinents leading to huge economic losses, destruction of ecological resources,food shortages and starvation of millions people. FLOODS are among the mostdevastating natural hazards in the world, claiming more lives and causing moreproperty damage than any other natural users such as top level policy makers at the national and internationalorganisations, researchers, middle level policy makers at the state, province andlocal levels consultants, relief agencies and local producers including farmers,suppliers, traders and water managers are interested in reliable and accuratedrought and flood information for effective management.

4 The disastermanagement activities can be grouped into three major phases: The Preparednessphase where activities such as prediction and risk zone identification are takenup long before the event occurs; the Prevention phase where activities such asEarly warning/Forecasting, monitoring and preparation of contingency plansare taken up just before or during the event; and the Response/Mitigationphase where activities are undertaken just after the event which include damageassessment and relief sensing techniques make it possible to obtain and distributeinformation rapidly over large areas by means of sensors operating in severalspectral bands, mounted on aircraft or satellites. A satellite, which orbits theEarth, is able to explore the whole surface in a few days and repeat the survey ofthe same area at regular intervals, whilst an aircraft can give a more detailedanalysis of a smaller area, if a specific need occurs.

5 The spectral bands used bythese sensors cover the whole range between visible and microwaves. Rapiddevelopments in computer technology and the Geographical InformationSystems (GIS) help to process remote Sensing (RS) observations from satellitesin a spatial format of maps - both individually and along with tabular data and crunch them together to provide a new perception - the spatial visualisationof information of natural resources. The integration of information derived fromRS techniques with other datasets - both in spatial and non-spatial formatsprovides tremendous potential for identification, monitoring and assessmentof DROUGHTS and SENSING FOR DROUGHTSM onitoring and ASSESSMENT of drought through remote sensing and GISdepend on the factors that cause drought and the factors of drought Jeyaseelan293 Based on the causative factors, drought can be classified into Meteorological,Hydrological and Agricultural DROUGHTS .

6 An extensive survey of the definitionof DROUGHTS by WMO found that DROUGHTS are classified on the basis of: (i)rainfall, (ii) combinations of rainfall with temperature, humidity and orevaporation, (iii) soil moisture and crop parameter, (iv) climatic indices andestimates of evapotranspiration, and finally (v) the general definitions 1: Sequence of Drought impactsDrought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate and occurs in all climaticzones, although its characteristics vary significantly from one region to produces a complex web of impacts that span many sectors of theeconomy and reach well beyond the area experiencing physical impacts are commonly referred to as direct or indirect. Reduced crop,rangeland, and forest productivity; increased fire hazard; reduced water levels;increased livestock and wildlife mortality rates; and damage to wildlife and fishNatural Climate VariabilityHigh temp.

7 , High winds, low relative humidity, greater sunshine, less cloud coverReduced Infiltration, runoff, deep percolation, and ground water rechargeIncreased evaporationAnd transpirationSoil water deficiencyPlant water stress, reducedBiomass and yieldReduced streamflow, inflow to reservoirs, lakes, and ponds; reduced wetlands, Wildlife habitatEconomic ImpactsSocial ImpactsEnvironmental ImpactsHydrologicalDroughtAgriculturalDr oughtMeteorologicalDroughtPrecipitation deficiency (amount, intensity timingAgriculturalDroughtTime (duration294 DROUGHTS & FLOODS ASSESSMENT and Monitoringhabitat are a few examples of direct impacts. The consequences of these impactsillustrate indirect impacts. The remote sensing and GIS technology significantlycontributes to all the activities of drought Preparedness PhaseLong before the drought event occurs, the preparedness in terms ofidentifying the drought prone / risk zone area and the prediction of droughtand its intensity is Prone/Risk zone identificationThe drought prone area or risk zone identification is usually carried out onthe basis of historic data analysis of rainfall or rainfall and evaporation and thearea of irrigation support.))

8 The conventional methods lack identification of spatialvariation and do not cover man s influence such as land use changes like irrigatedarea developed and the area affected due to water logging and salinity. Theremote-sensing based method for identification of drought prone areas(Jeyaseelan et al., 2002) uses historical vegetation index data derived from NOAA satellite series and provides spatial information on drought prone area dependingon the trend in vegetation development, frequency of low development andtheir standard predictionThe remote sensing use for drought prediction can benefit from climatevariability predictions using coupled ocean/atmosphere models, survey of snowpacks, persistent anomalous circulation patterns in the ocean and atmosphere,initial soil moisture, assimilation of remotely sensed data into numericalprediction models and amount of water available for irrigation.

9 Nearly-globalseasonal climate anomaly predictions are possible due to the successfulcombination of observational satellite networks for operational meteorological,oceanographic and hydrological observations. Improved coupled models andnear-real time evaluation of in situ and remote sensing data - allows for the firsttime physically-based drought warnings several months in advance, to which agrowing number of countries already relate their policies in agriculture, fisheriesand distribution of quality of seasonal predictions of temperature and precipitationanomalies by various centres such as the National Climate Research Jeyaseelan295(NCRC) of United States, the European Centre for Medium Range WeatherForecasts (ECMWF), the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the NationalCentre for Medium Range Weather Forecast of India (NCMRWF)

10 Is a functionof the quality and amount of satellite data assimilated into the starting fields( , SST from AVHRR and profiles from TOVS on NOAA satellites, ERS-2scatterometer winds, SSM/I on DMSP satellites and all geostationary weathersatellites: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), , GOES-West of USA, METeorological SATellite (METEOSAT) ofEurope, Geostationary Meteorological Satellites (GMS) of Japan, IndianNational Satellites (INSAT) of India etc.). The new assimilation techniqueshave produced a stronger impact of space data on the quality of weather andseasonal climate potential contribution by existing satellites is by far not fully exploited,since neither the synergy gained by the combination of satellite sensors is usednor all the satellite data are distributed internationally.


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