DTRA-TR-10-26

1 TECHNICAL REPORT Paul K. Blake et al. july 2011 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Personnel Radiation Exposure Associated with X-Rays Emanating from Coast Guard LORAN High Voltage Vacuum Tube Transmitter Units DTRA-TR-10-26 Defense Threat Reduction Agency 8725 John J.

2 Kingman Road, MS 6201 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6201 DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not return to sender. PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE THREAT REDUCTION AGENCY, ATTN: CSUI, 8725 JOHN J. KINGMAN ROAD, MS-6201, FT BELVOIR, VA 22060-6201, IF YOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH IT DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, OR IF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY YOUR ORGANIZATION. STANDARD FORM 298 (Rev. 8/98) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information.

3 Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Service, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Managent and Budget, emPLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOURORM TO THE ABOVE DDRESS. Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. FA1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 31-07-2011 2. REPORT TYPE Technical report 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b.

4 GRANT NUMBER 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Personnel Radiation Exposure Associated with X-Rays Emanating from Coast Guard LORAN High Voltage Vacuum Tube Transmitter Units 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Blake, Paul K; Hall, Jeffery W; Severance, Charles; and Rusiecki, Jennifer. 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) DTRA (see block 9), USCG Logistics, 2401 Hawkins Point Rd, Baltimore, MD 21226 USUHS, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 10.

5 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) DTRA RD-NTSN 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Nuclear Technology Directorate Defense Threat Reduction Agency 8725 John J. Kingman Road Stop 6201 , Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6201 11. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 12. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This report analyzes personnel radiation exposure associated with x-rays emanating from Coast Guard LORAN high voltage vacuum tube transmitter units that operated between1942-2010.

6 Approximately 10,000 Coast Guard service members operated these units during this period of time and may have been occupationally exposed to this x-ray source. This report provides information concerning the service members probability of radiogenic disease and culminates with guidance regarding Coast Guard veterans filing non-presumptive radiogenic disease claims with the Department of Veterans Affairs. 15. SUBJECT TERMS United States Coast Guard, USCG, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA, LORAN, X-Ray, High Voltage Vacuum Tubes, Radiation Dose, Radiogenic Disease 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 19a.

7 NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Dr. Paul K. Blake a. EPORT RU BSU c. THIS PE AGU 17. IMITATION OF BSTRACT L AUU 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19b. TELEPONE NUMBER (Include area code ) 703 767-3384 CONVERSION TABLE Conversion Factors for Customary to metric (SI) units of measurement. MULTIPLY BY TO GET TO GET BY DIVIDE meters (m) kilo pascal (kPa) kilo pascal (kPa) meter2 (m2) joule (J) joule (J) mega joule/m2 (MJ/m2) *giga bacquerel (GBq) radian (rad) degree kelvin (K) joule (J) joule (J) watt (W) meter (m) joule (J) meter3 (m3) meter (m) joule (J) Gray (Gy) terajoules newton (N) kilo pascal (kPa) newton-second/m2 (N-s/m2) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) kilogram (kg) newton (N) newton-meter (N-m) newton/meter (N/m) kilo pascal (kPa) kilo pascal (kPa) kilogram (kg)

8 Kilogram-meter2 (kg-m2) kilogram-meter3 (kg/m3) **Gray (Gy) coulomb/kilogram (C/kg) second (s) kilogram (kg) kilo pascal (kPa) 000 x E -10 25 x E +2 000 x E +2 000 x E -28 350 x E +3 000 000 x E -2 000 x E +1 329 x E -2 tk = (tof + ) 19 x E -19 000 x E -7 000 x E -7 000 x E -1 818 412 x E -3 000 x E -2 000 x E +9 000 222 x E +3 757 x E +3 000 x E +2 000 x E -6 000 x E -5 344 x E +3 952 x E -2 222 848 x E -1 268 x E +2 026 x E -2 757 924 x E -1 011 x E -2 846 x E +1 000 x E -2 760 x E -4 000 x E -8 390 x E +1 22 x E -1 angstrom atmosphere (normal) bar barn British thermal unit (thermochemical) calorie (thermochemical) cal (thermochemical/cm2) curie degree (angle)

9 Degree Fahrenheit electron volt erg erg/second foot foot-pound-force gallon ( liquid) inch jerk joule/kilogram (J/kg) radiation absorbed dose kilotons kip (1000 lbf) kip/inch2 (ksi) ktap micron mil mile (international) ounce pound-force (lbs avoirdupois) pound-force inch pound-force/inch pound-force/foot2 pound-force/inch2 (psi) pound-mass (lbm avoirdupois) pound-mass-foot2 (moment of inertia) pound-mass/foot3 rad (radiation dose absorbed) roentgen shake slug torr (mm Hg, 00 C) *The becquerel (Bq) is the SI unit of radioactivity; 1 Bq = 1 event/s.**The gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose.

10 DTRA-TR-10-26 : Personnel Radiation Exposure Associated with X-Rays Emanating From Coast Guard LORAN High Voltage Vacuum Tube Transmitter Units Table of Contents Executive Summary .. 2 1. 3 a. The Co-Authors 3 b. A Brief History .. 3 c. Transmitter Set Evolution .. 4 d. Ionizing Radiation Sources-Power Amplifying Vacuum Tubes .. 7 e. Ionizing Radiation Sources-Vacuum Relays .. 8 f. Ionizing Radiation Safety 9 g. Ionizing Radiation Units .. 10 2. Occupational Risk .. 12 3. Radiation 13 a. Measurement Chronology .. 13 b. Personnel Measurements ..16 c. Field Measurements.